https://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Social_media&feed=atom&action=historySocial media - Revision history2024-03-28T12:35:46ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.1https://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Social_media&diff=5128&oldid=prevSsperoni at 23:52, 1 May 20192019-05-01T23:52:51Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cecilia Viggiano, Haris N. Koutsopoulos, and John Attanucci, [http://trb.metapress.com/content/m896p64413x05059/fulltext.pdf "User Behavior in Multiroute Bus Corridors: Analysis by a Web-Based Survey,"] Transportation Research Record No. 2418, 2014, pp. 92-99.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cecilia Viggiano, Haris N. Koutsopoulos, and John Attanucci, [http://trb.metapress.com/content/m896p64413x05059/fulltext.pdf "User Behavior in Multiroute Bus Corridors: Analysis by a Web-Based Survey,"] Transportation Research Record No. 2418, 2014, pp. 92-99.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:This paper reports on a web-based survey used to collect information on users of a multiroute bus corridor in London both as a tool to understand behavior and as a demonstration case for the viability of web-based surveys, a relatively new methodology for data collection on public transport user behavior. The authors find that online surveys can collect detailed information from a large, fairly representative sample of bus passengers and that route choices depended on several factors. [[Category: Technology]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:This paper reports on a web-based survey used to collect information on users of a multiroute bus corridor in London both as a tool to understand behavior and as a demonstration case for the viability of web-based surveys, a relatively new methodology for data collection on public transport user behavior. The authors find that online surveys can collect detailed information from a large, fairly representative sample of bus passengers and that route choices depended on several factors. [[Category: Technology]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Douglass, J., Dissanayake, D., Coifman, B., Chen, W., & Ali, F. (2018). "[https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118796712 Measuring the Effectiveness of a Transit Agency’s Social Media Engagement with Travelers.]" ''Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board'', ''2672''(50), 46–55.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><blockquote></del>The study employs a cross-tabulation to examine the relationship between Tyne and Wear (UK) Metro system travelers’ age, travel purpose, and level of social media usage. The central argument is that social media is an effective way of disseminating information to transit riders prior to their trip. </blockquote></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Douglass, J., Dissanayake, D., Coifman, B., Chen, W., & Ali, F. (2018). "[https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118796712 Measuring the Effectiveness of a Transit Agency’s Social Media Engagement with Travelers.]" ''Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board'', ''2672''(50), 46–55.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:</ins>The study employs a cross-tabulation to examine the relationship between Tyne and Wear (UK) Metro system travelers’ age, travel purpose, and level of social media usage. The central argument is that social media is an effective way of disseminating information to transit riders prior to their trip. </blockquote></div></td></tr>
</table>Ssperonihttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Social_media&diff=5127&oldid=prevSsperoni: Added additional reading option2019-05-01T23:52:20Z<p>Added additional reading option</p>
<a href="https://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Social_media&diff=5127&oldid=2338">Show changes</a>Ssperonihttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Social_media&diff=2338&oldid=prevBK: added photo2015-04-22T20:28:14Z<p>added photo</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:28, 22 April 2015</td>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:MBTA socialmedia.jpg|thumbnail|right|Boston's MBTA communicates a service update on Twitter. Source: www.bostonmagazine.com]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many people now rely on social media for news and other important information. Technological advances in smartphones and other mobile devices have given the general public far greater access to current events through multiple sources such as Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Flickr and other online resources. One major advantage of this new technology is that it “pushes” content directly to users without them have to search the internet for themselves. It also lets providers share information at any time and to quickly correct any erroneous postings.<ref name=chanandschofer>Raymond Chan and Joseph L. Schofer, [http://trb.metapress.com/content/0wqx455748288482/fulltext.pdf “Role of Social Media in Communicating Transit Disruptions,”] Transportation Research Record No. 2415, 2014, pp. 145-151.</ref> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many people now rely on social media for news and other important information. Technological advances in smartphones and other mobile devices have given the general public far greater access to current events through multiple sources such as Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Flickr and other online resources. One major advantage of this new technology is that it “pushes” content directly to users without them have to search the internet for themselves. It also lets providers share information at any time and to quickly correct any erroneous postings.<ref name=chanandschofer>Raymond Chan and Joseph L. Schofer, [http://trb.metapress.com/content/0wqx455748288482/fulltext.pdf “Role of Social Media in Communicating Transit Disruptions,”] Transportation Research Record No. 2415, 2014, pp. 145-151.</ref> </div></td></tr>
</table>BKhttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Social_media&diff=2143&oldid=prevMgarrett: /* Public Involvement in Planning */2015-03-21T01:32:22Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Public Involvement in Planning</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:32, 21 March 2015</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are also possible barriers to using social media for planning purposes, including that some individuals may not have access to it or may use it infrequently due to factors such as age, income, lack of education, or physical disability. Some ethnic groups may also be more or less likely to use different types of social media. Agencies considering using social media to complement more traditional planning approaches should consider how best to address these limitations, including consulting with local community leaders regarding preferred methods of communication.<ref name=camay></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are also possible barriers to using social media for planning purposes, including that some individuals may not have access to it or may use it infrequently due to factors such as age, income, lack of education, or physical disability. Some ethnic groups may also be more or less likely to use different types of social media. Agencies considering using social media to complement more traditional planning approaches should consider how best to address these limitations, including consulting with local community leaders regarding preferred methods of communication.<ref name=camay></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To date there has been limited research on how to measure the effectiveness of social media communications as a tool of public involvement and some confusion how to document and respond to information collected through social media as part of the environmental review process. A study of the experimental use of social media as part of the City of Austin's Strategic Mobility Plan looked at its ability to involve citizens in the planning process, provide citizens with a voice in decision making, and promote a sense of community among those interested in transportation. Careful analysis found that information from microblogs could be aggregated in a meaningful way for planners but that future research would be needed to streamline the process. While studies have shown that social media users tend to be diverse, there are issues whether they are representative of the general public.<ref name=evans-crowley></ref> The authors advise those considering use of social media in planning should "engage public officials and other key stakeholders early in the public involvement planning process (p. 97)."</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To date there has been limited research on how to measure the effectiveness of social media communications as a tool of public involvement and some confusion how to document and respond to information collected through social media as part of the environmental review process. A study of the experimental use of social media as part of the City of Austin's Strategic Mobility Plan looked at its ability to involve citizens in the planning process, provide citizens with a voice in decision making, and promote a sense of community among those interested in transportation. Careful analysis found that information from microblogs could be aggregated in a meaningful way for planners but that future research would be needed to streamline the process. While studies have shown that social media users tend to be diverse, there are issues whether they are representative of the general public.<ref name=evans-crowley></ref> The authors advise <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that </ins>those considering use of social media in planning should "engage public officials and other key stakeholders early in the public involvement planning process (p. 97)."</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Mgarretthttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Social_media&diff=2142&oldid=prevMgarrett: /* Public Involvement in Planning */2015-03-21T01:31:10Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Public Involvement in Planning</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:31, 21 March 2015</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Traditional methods of public involvement in planning and environmental review processes may not be able to reach a large number of people due to the time and inconvenience some interested parties may face in attending public hearings. Social media offers the opportunity to create conversations outside of a physical space as well as engaging a wider number of people. It can be used to disseminate information through pictures, charts, narrated videos, and other innovative means to describe the project and the planning and environmental review process.<ref name=camay></ref> That information can be rebroadcast by recipients ("retweets" or "RT") to an even larger segment of the public.<ref Name=evans-crowley>Jennifer S. Evans_Crowley and Greg Griffin, [http://trb.metapress.com/content/301jgm1131781434/fulltext.pdf "Microparticipation with Social Media for Community Engagement in Transportation Planning,"] Transportation Research Record No. 2307, 2012, pp. 90-98.</ref> In addition, public reaction can be gathered through on line polls, posted comments, and blog postings.<ref name=camay></ref> Web-based surveys can be a valuable method to quickly collect detailed information from a large sample of passengers at low cost, though one study found some challenges in reaching elderly and disabled users who were less likely to have email addresses. The same study reports on possible bias in web-based research design including the representativeness of the samples, and the possibility that the information provided may not reflect respondents’ typical behavior.<ref>Cecilia Viggiano, Haris N. Koutsopoulos, and John Attanucci, [http://trb.metapress.com/content/m896p64413x05059/fulltext.pdf "User Behavior in Multiroute Bus Corridors: Analysis by a Web-Based Survey,"] Transportation Research Record No. 2418, 2014, pp. 92-99.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Traditional methods of public involvement in planning and environmental review processes may not be able to reach a large number of people due to the time and inconvenience some interested parties may face in attending public hearings. Social media offers the opportunity to create conversations outside of a physical space as well as engaging a wider number of people. It can be used to disseminate information through pictures, charts, narrated videos, and other innovative means to describe the project and the planning and environmental review process.<ref name=camay></ref> That information can be rebroadcast by recipients ("retweets" or "RT") to an even larger segment of the public.<ref Name=evans-crowley>Jennifer S. Evans_Crowley and Greg Griffin, [http://trb.metapress.com/content/301jgm1131781434/fulltext.pdf "Microparticipation with Social Media for Community Engagement in Transportation Planning,"] Transportation Research Record No. 2307, 2012, pp. 90-98.</ref> In addition, public reaction can be gathered through on line polls, posted comments, and blog postings.<ref name=camay></ref> Web-based surveys can be a valuable method to quickly collect detailed information from a large sample of passengers at low cost, though one study found some challenges in reaching elderly and disabled users who were less likely to have email addresses. The same study reports on possible bias in web-based research design including the representativeness of the samples, and the possibility that the information provided may not reflect respondents’ typical behavior.<ref>Cecilia Viggiano, Haris N. Koutsopoulos, and John Attanucci, [http://trb.metapress.com/content/m896p64413x05059/fulltext.pdf "User Behavior in Multiroute Bus Corridors: Analysis by a Web-Based Survey,"] Transportation Research Record No. 2418, 2014, pp. 92-99.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are also possible barriers to using social media for planning purposes, including that some individuals may not have access to it or may use it infrequently due to factors such as age, income, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or </del>lack of education<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. In addition</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some persons’ use may be limited the result of a </del>physical disability. Some ethnic groups may be more or less likely to use different types of social media. Agencies considering using social media to complement more traditional planning approaches should consider how best to address these limitations, including consulting with local community leaders regarding preferred methods of communication.<ref name=camay></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are also possible barriers to using social media for planning purposes, including that some individuals may not have access to it or may use it infrequently due to factors such as age, income, lack of education, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or </ins>physical disability. Some ethnic groups may <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also </ins>be more or less likely to use different types of social media. Agencies considering using social media to complement more traditional planning approaches should consider how best to address these limitations, including consulting with local community leaders regarding preferred methods of communication.<ref name=camay></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To date there has been limited research on how to measure the effectiveness of social media communications as a tool of public involvement and some confusion how to document and respond to information collected through social media as part of the environmental review process. A study of the experimental use of social media as part of the City of Austin's Strategic Mobility Plan looked at its ability to involve citizens in the planning process, provide citizens with a voice in decision making, and promote a sense of community among those interested in transportation. Careful analysis found that information from microblogs could be aggregated in a meaningful way for planners but that future research would be needed to streamline the process. While studies have shown that social media users tend to be diverse, there are issues whether they are representative of the general public.<ref name=evans-crowley></ref> The authors advise those considering use of social media in planning should "engage public officials and other key stakeholders early in the public involvement planning process (p. 97)."</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To date there has been limited research on how to measure the effectiveness of social media communications as a tool of public involvement and some confusion how to document and respond to information collected through social media as part of the environmental review process. A study of the experimental use of social media as part of the City of Austin's Strategic Mobility Plan looked at its ability to involve citizens in the planning process, provide citizens with a voice in decision making, and promote a sense of community among those interested in transportation. Careful analysis found that information from microblogs could be aggregated in a meaningful way for planners but that future research would be needed to streamline the process. While studies have shown that social media users tend to be diverse, there are issues whether they are representative of the general public.<ref name=evans-crowley></ref> The authors advise those considering use of social media in planning should "engage public officials and other key stakeholders early in the public involvement planning process (p. 97)."</div></td></tr>
</table>Mgarretthttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Social_media&diff=2141&oldid=prevMgarrett: /* Public Involvement in Planning */2015-03-21T01:30:19Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Public Involvement in Planning</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Traditional methods of public involvement in planning and environmental review processes may not be able to reach a large number of people due to the time and inconvenience some interested parties may face in attending public hearings. Social media offers the opportunity to create conversations outside of a physical space as well as engaging a wider number of people. It can be used to disseminate information through pictures, charts, narrated videos, and other innovative means to describe the project and the planning and environmental review process.<ref name=camay></ref> That information can be rebroadcast by recipients ("retweets" or "RT") to an even larger segment of the public.<ref Name=evans-crowley>Jennifer S. Evans_Crowley and Greg Griffin, [http://trb.metapress.com/content/301jgm1131781434/fulltext.pdf "Microparticipation with Social Media for Community Engagement in Transportation Planning,"] Transportation Research Record No. 2307, 2012, pp. 90-98.</ref> In addition, public reaction can be gathered through on line polls, posted comments, and blog postings.<ref name=camay></ref> Web-based surveys can be a valuable method to quickly collect detailed information from a large sample of passengers at low cost, though one study found some challenges in reaching elderly and disabled users who were less likely to have email addresses. The same study reports on possible bias in web-based research design including the representativeness of the samples, and the possibility that the information provided may not reflect respondents’ typical behavior.<ref>Cecilia Viggiano, Haris N. Koutsopoulos, and John Attanucci, [http://trb.metapress.com/content/m896p64413x05059/fulltext.pdf "User Behavior in Multiroute Bus Corridors: Analysis by a Web-Based Survey,"] Transportation Research Record No. 2418, 2014, pp. 92-99.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Traditional methods of public involvement in planning and environmental review processes may not be able to reach a large number of people due to the time and inconvenience some interested parties may face in attending public hearings. Social media offers the opportunity to create conversations outside of a physical space as well as engaging a wider number of people. It can be used to disseminate information through pictures, charts, narrated videos, and other innovative means to describe the project and the planning and environmental review process.<ref name=camay></ref> That information can be rebroadcast by recipients ("retweets" or "RT") to an even larger segment of the public.<ref Name=evans-crowley>Jennifer S. Evans_Crowley and Greg Griffin, [http://trb.metapress.com/content/301jgm1131781434/fulltext.pdf "Microparticipation with Social Media for Community Engagement in Transportation Planning,"] Transportation Research Record No. 2307, 2012, pp. 90-98.</ref> In addition, public reaction can be gathered through on line polls, posted comments, and blog postings.<ref name=camay></ref> Web-based surveys can be a valuable method to quickly collect detailed information from a large sample of passengers at low cost, though one study found some challenges in reaching elderly and disabled users who were less likely to have email addresses. The same study reports on possible bias in web-based research design including the representativeness of the samples, and the possibility that the information provided may not reflect respondents’ typical behavior.<ref>Cecilia Viggiano, Haris N. Koutsopoulos, and John Attanucci, [http://trb.metapress.com/content/m896p64413x05059/fulltext.pdf "User Behavior in Multiroute Bus Corridors: Analysis by a Web-Based Survey,"] Transportation Research Record No. 2418, 2014, pp. 92-99.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are also possible barriers to using social media, including that some individuals may not have access to it or may use it infrequently due to factors such as age, income, or lack of education. In addition, some persons’ use may be limited the result of a physical disability. Some ethnic groups may be more or less likely to use different types of social media. Agencies considering using social media to complement more traditional planning approaches should consider how best to address these limitations, including consulting with local community leaders regarding preferred methods of communication.<ref name=camay></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are also possible barriers to using social media <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for planning purposes</ins>, including that some individuals may not have access to it or may use it infrequently due to factors such as age, income, or lack of education. In addition, some persons’ use may be limited the result of a physical disability. Some ethnic groups may be more or less likely to use different types of social media. Agencies considering using social media to complement more traditional planning approaches should consider how best to address these limitations, including consulting with local community leaders regarding preferred methods of communication.<ref name=camay></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To date there has been limited research on how to measure the effectiveness of social media communications as a tool of public involvement and some confusion how to document and respond to information collected through social media as part of the environmental review process. A study of the experimental use of social media as part of the City of Austin's Strategic Mobility Plan looked at its ability to involve citizens in the planning process, provide citizens with a voice in decision making, and promote a sense of community among those interested in transportation. Careful analysis found that information from microblogs could be aggregated in a meaningful way for planners but that future research would be needed to streamline the process. While studies have shown that social media users tend to be diverse, there are issues whether they are representative of the general public.<ref name=evans-crowley></ref> The authors advise those considering use of social media in planning should "engage public officials and other key stakeholders early in the public involvement planning process (p. 97)."</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To date there has been limited research on how to measure the effectiveness of social media communications as a tool of public involvement and some confusion how to document and respond to information collected through social media as part of the environmental review process. A study of the experimental use of social media as part of the City of Austin's Strategic Mobility Plan looked at its ability to involve citizens in the planning process, provide citizens with a voice in decision making, and promote a sense of community among those interested in transportation. Careful analysis found that information from microblogs could be aggregated in a meaningful way for planners but that future research would be needed to streamline the process. While studies have shown that social media users tend to be diverse, there are issues whether they are representative of the general public.<ref name=evans-crowley></ref> The authors advise those considering use of social media in planning should "engage public officials and other key stakeholders early in the public involvement planning process (p. 97)."</div></td></tr>
</table>Mgarretthttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Social_media&diff=2140&oldid=prevMgarrett: /* Emergency Response */2015-03-21T01:28:30Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Emergency Response</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:28, 21 March 2015</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Emergency Response==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Emergency Response==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A recent study following Hurricane Sandy in New York found that social media had advantages to transit providers over traditional media under emergency conditions. For instance, pictures could be transmitted showing the condition of stations and facilities that support decisions to reduce or shut down service. Local agencies, including the MTA, NJT and PATH all increased their tweets during the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">emergency</del>. Some used the service to answer questions and collect information directly from users. They also provided real-time information on station closings and re-openings following the storm.<ref name=chanandschofer></ref> The study’s authors suggest that transit agencies begin adopting policies regarding their use of social media including when the need to post important information quickly may outweigh concerns over accuracy or completeness.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A recent study following Hurricane Sandy in New York found that social media had advantages to transit providers over traditional media under emergency conditions. For instance, pictures could be transmitted showing the condition of stations and facilities that support decisions to reduce or shut down service. Local agencies, including the MTA, NJT and PATH all increased their tweets during the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">crisis</ins>. Some used the service to answer questions and collect information directly from users. They also provided real-time information on station closings and re-openings following the storm.<ref name=chanandschofer></ref> The study’s authors suggest that transit agencies begin adopting policies regarding their use of social media including when the need to post important information quickly may outweigh concerns over accuracy or completeness.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Public Involvement in Planning==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Public Involvement in Planning==</div></td></tr>
</table>Mgarretthttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Social_media&diff=2139&oldid=prevMgarrett: /* Emergency Response */2015-03-21T01:28:00Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Emergency Response</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:28, 21 March 2015</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Emergency Response==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Emergency Response==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A recent study following Hurricane Sandy in New York found that social media had advantages to transit providers over traditional media. For instance, pictures could be transmitted showing the condition of stations and facilities that support decisions to reduce or shut down service. Local agencies, including the MTA, NJT and PATH all increased their tweets during the emergency. Some used the service to answer questions and collect information directly from users. They also provided real-time information on station closings and re-openings following the storm.<ref name=chanandschofer></ref> The study’s authors suggest that transit agencies begin adopting policies regarding their use of social media including when the need to post important information quickly may outweigh concerns over accuracy or completeness.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A recent study following Hurricane Sandy in New York found that social media had advantages to transit providers over traditional media <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">under emergency conditions</ins>. For instance, pictures could be transmitted showing the condition of stations and facilities that support decisions to reduce or shut down service. Local agencies, including the MTA, NJT and PATH all increased their tweets during the emergency. Some used the service to answer questions and collect information directly from users. They also provided real-time information on station closings and re-openings following the storm.<ref name=chanandschofer></ref> The study’s authors suggest that transit agencies begin adopting policies regarding their use of social media including when the need to post important information quickly may outweigh concerns over accuracy or completeness.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Public Involvement in Planning==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Public Involvement in Planning==</div></td></tr>
</table>Mgarretthttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Social_media&diff=2138&oldid=prevMgarrett: /* Potential Drawbacks */2015-03-21T01:26:05Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Potential Drawbacks</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Potential Drawbacks===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Potential Drawbacks===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Agency credibility may depend on the accuracy and timeliness of the information provided to consumers. Due to rising expectations among users of social media, many will insist on being provided with information about incidents as soon as they occur. Failure to keep “ahead of the pack” as one transit provider put it could hurt an agency’s image with the public. Again this may require a substantial commitment of agency staff resources and other support. However, the agency must also weigh the desire to keep the public informed with the need to provide accurate information. One agency concern noted by researchers <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was </del>that information may remain on sites like Facebook that is inaccurate or has become outdated and that such erroneous information can also be rebroadcast over services like Twitter. As such, some agencies reported using such sites only for notifying users that the operator was aware of a situation and that they should consult official agency websites for more detailed and up to date messages.<ref name=penderetal></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Agency credibility may depend on the accuracy and timeliness of the information provided to consumers. Due to rising expectations among users of social media, many will insist on being provided with information about incidents as soon as they occur. Failure to keep “ahead of the pack” as one transit provider put it could hurt an agency’s image with the public. Again this may require a substantial commitment of agency staff resources and other support. However, the agency must also weigh the desire to keep the public informed with the need to provide accurate information. One agency concern noted by researchers <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is </ins>that information may remain on sites like Facebook that is inaccurate or has become outdated and that such erroneous information can also be rebroadcast over services like Twitter. As such, some agencies reported using such sites only for notifying users that the operator was aware of a situation and that they should consult official agency websites for more detailed and up to date messages.<ref name=penderetal></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another issue is that access to mobile communication technology can vary among different demographic groups. Transit providers may need to consider supplementary technology to reach those persons. The St. Louis study found that those over 40, retired, unemployed or homemakers, and bus riders earning less than $20,000 were least likely to own a smartphone; for those the best alternative could be cell phones that can use interactive voice response (IVR). Text-messaging was also available to a significant number, but accessing bus or rail information through this method requires knowing the station ID number, which may require improvements to signage at some stops. Computer based websites would be available to most of those without either a smartphone or cell phone and can provide more information but would be of less use to those already en route.<ref name=windmiller></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another issue is that access to mobile communication technology can vary among different demographic groups. Transit providers may need to consider supplementary technology to reach those persons. The St. Louis study found that those over 40, retired, unemployed or homemakers, and bus riders earning less than $20,000 were least likely to own a smartphone; for those the best alternative could be cell phones that can use interactive voice response (IVR). Text-messaging was also available to a significant number, but accessing bus or rail information through this method requires knowing the station ID number, which may require improvements to signage at some stops. Computer based websites would be available to most of those without either a smartphone or cell phone and can provide more information but would be of less use to those already en route.<ref name=windmiller></ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Mgarretthttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Social_media&diff=2137&oldid=prevMgarrett: /* Potential Drawbacks */2015-03-21T01:25:16Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Potential Drawbacks</span></span></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l13" >Line 13:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 13:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Potential Drawbacks===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Potential Drawbacks===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Agency credibility may depend on the accuracy and timeliness of the information provided to consumers. Due to rising expectations among users of social media, many will <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">expect to be </del>provided with information about incidents as soon as they occur. Failure to keep “ahead of the pack” as one transit provider put it could hurt an agency’s image with the public. Again this may require a substantial commitment of agency staff resources and other support. However, the agency must also weigh the desire to keep the public informed with the need to provide accurate information. One agency concern noted by researchers was that information may remain on sites like Facebook that is inaccurate or has become outdated and that such erroneous information can also be rebroadcast over services like Twitter. As such, some agencies reported using such sites only for notifying users that the operator was aware of a situation and that they should consult official agency websites for more detailed and up to date messages.<ref name=penderetal></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Agency credibility may depend on the accuracy and timeliness of the information provided to consumers. Due to rising expectations among users of social media, many will <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">insist on being </ins>provided with information about incidents as soon as they occur. Failure to keep “ahead of the pack” as one transit provider put it could hurt an agency’s image with the public. Again this may require a substantial commitment of agency staff resources and other support. However, the agency must also weigh the desire to keep the public informed with the need to provide accurate information. One agency concern noted by researchers was that information may remain on sites like Facebook that is inaccurate or has become outdated and that such erroneous information can also be rebroadcast over services like Twitter. As such, some agencies reported using such sites only for notifying users that the operator was aware of a situation and that they should consult official agency websites for more detailed and up to date messages.<ref name=penderetal></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another issue is that access to mobile communication technology can vary among different demographic groups. Transit providers may need to consider supplementary technology to reach those persons. The St. Louis study found that those over 40, retired, unemployed or homemakers, and bus riders earning less than $20,000 were least likely to own a smartphone; for those the best alternative could be cell phones that can use interactive voice response (IVR). Text-messaging was also available to a significant number, but accessing bus or rail information through this method requires knowing the station ID number, which may require improvements to signage at some stops. Computer based websites would be available to most of those without either a smartphone or cell phone and can provide more information but would be of less use to those already en route.<ref name=windmiller></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another issue is that access to mobile communication technology can vary among different demographic groups. Transit providers may need to consider supplementary technology to reach those persons. The St. Louis study found that those over 40, retired, unemployed or homemakers, and bus riders earning less than $20,000 were least likely to own a smartphone; for those the best alternative could be cell phones that can use interactive voice response (IVR). Text-messaging was also available to a significant number, but accessing bus or rail information through this method requires knowing the station ID number, which may require improvements to signage at some stops. Computer based websites would be available to most of those without either a smartphone or cell phone and can provide more information but would be of less use to those already en route.<ref name=windmiller></ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Mgarrett