https://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Deep_Discount_Group_Pass&feed=atom&action=historyDeep Discount Group Pass - Revision history2024-03-29T01:09:08ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.1https://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Deep_Discount_Group_Pass&diff=5302&oldid=prevEdasmalchi at 00:31, 7 November 20192019-11-07T00:31:41Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>UCLA offers transit passes to its students under the [https://main.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/bruingo-transit BruinGO!] program. The program initially offered all UCLA students, faculty, and staff free rides on Santa Monica's Big Blue Bus. After the program launched, people in the service area began riding the bus to campus in increased numbers. Unlike a conventional DDGP program, UCLA paid Big Blue Bus per ride. However, the university paid a significantly lower amount than a standard fare. The program was funded by campus parking revenues. Aside from revenue from new riders, the BruinGO! program benefited the transit agency because existing riders who joined the program began paying their fare with a card rather than coins, which increased boarding speed vehicle productivity<ref>[http://shoup.bol.ucla.edu/FareFreePublicTransitAtUniversities.pdf Brown, J., Hess, D.B., & Shoup, D. (2003). "Fare-Free Public Transit at Universities: An Evaluation." Journal of Planning Education and Research.]</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>UCLA offers transit passes to its students under the [https://main.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/bruingo-transit BruinGO!] program. The program initially offered all UCLA students, faculty, and staff free rides on Santa Monica's Big Blue Bus. After the program launched, people in the service area began riding the bus to campus in increased numbers. Unlike a conventional DDGP program, UCLA paid Big Blue Bus per ride. However, the university paid a significantly lower amount than a standard fare. The program was funded by campus parking revenues. Aside from revenue from new riders, the BruinGO! program benefited the transit agency because existing riders who joined the program began paying their fare with a card rather than coins, which increased boarding speed vehicle productivity<ref>[http://shoup.bol.ucla.edu/FareFreePublicTransitAtUniversities.pdf Brown, J., Hess, D.B., & Shoup, D. (2003). "Fare-Free Public Transit at Universities: An Evaluation." Journal of Planning Education and Research.]</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While the program was popular, UCLA eventually stopped giving free transit passes to students and faculty. Today, the university instead subsidizes public transportation, offering commuters discounted fares to ride the six operators that serve the campus: Big Blue Bus, Culver CityBus, LA Metro, LADOT Commuter Express, Santa Clarita Transit, and Antelope Valley Transit Authority<ref>[https://main.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/bruingo-transit UCLA Transportation. "BruinGO! Transit Program."]</ref>. As a customer acquisition activity, the University seeks to convert existing or prospective parking permit holders to transit by offering free passes for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">up to three consecutive quarters.</del><ref>[https://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">main</del>.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/transit-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">incentive-program </del>UCLA Transportation<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. </del>"Transit <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Incentive Program.</del>"]</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While the program was popular, UCLA eventually stopped giving free transit passes to students and faculty. Today, the university instead subsidizes public transportation, offering commuters discounted fares to ride the six operators that serve the campus: Big Blue Bus, Culver CityBus, LA Metro, LADOT Commuter Express, Santa Clarita Transit, and Antelope Valley Transit Authority<ref>[https://main.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/bruingo-transit UCLA Transportation. "BruinGO! Transit Program."]</ref>. As a customer acquisition activity, the University seeks to convert existing or prospective parking permit holders to transit by offering free passes for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">one quarter</ins><ref>[https://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www</ins>.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">new-bruin-commuter-</ins>transit-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">benefit </ins>UCLA Transportation "<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bruin Commuter </ins>Transit <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Benefit</ins>"]</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Edasmalchihttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Deep_Discount_Group_Pass&diff=5111&oldid=prevSsperoni: /* Common Characteristics */ Added link to College and University Student Pass page2019-04-24T23:28:58Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Common Characteristics: </span> Added link to College and University Student Pass page</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Market Response]][[Category:Finance and revenue]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Market Response]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Finance and revenue]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Denverrtd.jpg|right|thumb|500px|Denver RTD was one of the first agencies to experiment with a DDGP program. Source: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/37467370@N08/7582314732/ Greg Goebel]]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Denverrtd.jpg|right|thumb|500px|Denver RTD was one of the first agencies to experiment with a DDGP program. Source: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/37467370@N08/7582314732/ Greg Goebel]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Common Characteristics===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Common Characteristics===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>DDGP programs typically define an eligible group, such as all benefit-eligible employees, all currently enrolled students, all city employees, etc. In some cases the employer pays for the cost of the passes and makes them available to eligible participants at no charge. In other cases the organization and transit agency negotiate a discounted pass price, which eligible individuals then pay directly. In other cases the group at large pays a fee and everything receives passes at no additional cost; this system is in place at the University of New Hampshire, where students and faculty pay a fee to fund the transit system and may simply present their university ID to board the bus.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>DDGP programs typically define an eligible group, such as all benefit-eligible employees, all currently enrolled students <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(see [[College and University Student Transit Programs]])</ins>, all city employees, etc. In some cases the employer pays for the cost of the passes and makes them available to eligible participants at no charge. In other cases the organization and transit agency negotiate a discounted pass price, which eligible individuals then pay directly. In other cases the group at large pays a fee and everything receives passes at no additional cost; this system is in place at the University of New Hampshire, where students and faculty pay a fee to fund the transit system and may simply present their university ID to board the bus.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of the high value of unlimited transit passes, they often include photo ID to deter fraudulent use. DDGP typically confer unlimited use of the system to the pass holder for a year, although universities may divide pass eligibility by academic period. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of the high value of unlimited transit passes, they often include photo ID to deter fraudulent use. DDGP typically confer unlimited use of the system to the pass holder for a year, although universities may divide pass eligibility by academic period. </div></td></tr>
</table>Ssperonihttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Deep_Discount_Group_Pass&diff=3818&oldid=prevSirinyamatute: Clarified how the UCLA Transit Incentive Program works2017-02-13T20:11:38Z<p>Clarified how the UCLA Transit Incentive Program works</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>UCLA offers transit passes to its students under the [https://main.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/bruingo-transit BruinGO!] program. The program initially offered all UCLA students, faculty, and staff free rides on Santa Monica's Big Blue Bus. After the program launched, people in the service area began riding the bus to campus in increased numbers. Unlike a conventional DDGP program, UCLA paid Big Blue Bus per ride. However, the university paid a significantly lower amount than a standard fare. The program was funded by campus parking revenues. Aside from revenue from new riders, the BruinGO! program benefited the transit agency because existing riders who joined the program began paying their fare with a card rather than coins, which increased boarding speed vehicle productivity<ref>[http://shoup.bol.ucla.edu/FareFreePublicTransitAtUniversities.pdf Brown, J., Hess, D.B., & Shoup, D. (2003). "Fare-Free Public Transit at Universities: An Evaluation." Journal of Planning Education and Research.]</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>UCLA offers transit passes to its students under the [https://main.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/bruingo-transit BruinGO!] program. The program initially offered all UCLA students, faculty, and staff free rides on Santa Monica's Big Blue Bus. After the program launched, people in the service area began riding the bus to campus in increased numbers. Unlike a conventional DDGP program, UCLA paid Big Blue Bus per ride. However, the university paid a significantly lower amount than a standard fare. The program was funded by campus parking revenues. Aside from revenue from new riders, the BruinGO! program benefited the transit agency because existing riders who joined the program began paying their fare with a card rather than coins, which increased boarding speed vehicle productivity<ref>[http://shoup.bol.ucla.edu/FareFreePublicTransitAtUniversities.pdf Brown, J., Hess, D.B., & Shoup, D. (2003). "Fare-Free Public Transit at Universities: An Evaluation." Journal of Planning Education and Research.]</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While the program was popular, UCLA eventually stopped giving free transit passes to students and faculty. Today the university instead subsidizes public transportation, offering <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">students half-price </del>fares <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on </del>Big Blue Bus <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and the neighboring </del>Culver CityBus, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as well as half-price unlimited quarterly passes for </del>LA Metro, LADOT Commuter Express, Santa Clarita Transit, and Antelope Valley Transit Authority<ref>[https://main.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/bruingo-transit UCLA Transportation. "BruinGO! Transit Program."]</ref>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The university also offers </del>free passes <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to students who agree to not apply </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">campus parking in an attempt </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">manage parking demand</del><ref>[https://main.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/transit-incentive-program UCLA Transportation. "Transit Incentive Program."]</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While the program was popular, UCLA eventually stopped giving free transit passes to students and faculty. Today<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>the university instead subsidizes public transportation, offering <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">commuters discounted </ins>fares <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to ride the six operators that serve the campus: </ins>Big Blue Bus<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>Culver CityBus, LA Metro, LADOT Commuter Express, Santa Clarita Transit, and Antelope Valley Transit Authority<ref>[https://main.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/bruingo-transit UCLA Transportation. "BruinGO! Transit Program."]</ref>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As a customer acquisition activity, the University seeks to convert existing or prospective parking permit holders to transit by offering </ins>free passes for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">up </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">three consecutive quarters.</ins><ref>[https://main.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/transit-incentive-program UCLA Transportation. "Transit Incentive Program."]</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Sirinyamatutehttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Deep_Discount_Group_Pass&diff=3816&oldid=prevJmatute at 20:04, 13 February 20172017-02-13T20:04:46Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Market Response]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Market Response<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]][[Category:Finance and revenue</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Denverrtd.jpg|right|thumb|500px|Denver RTD was one of the first agencies to experiment with a DDGP program. Source: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/37467370@N08/7582314732/ Greg Goebel]]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Denverrtd.jpg|right|thumb|500px|Denver RTD was one of the first agencies to experiment with a DDGP program. Source: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/37467370@N08/7582314732/ Greg Goebel]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
</table>Jmatutehttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Deep_Discount_Group_Pass&diff=3757&oldid=prevRabiabonour at 19:09, 10 February 20172017-02-10T19:09:34Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{template:stub}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Market Response]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Market Response]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">File</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ecopass</del>.jpg|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">framed</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">right</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A sample of </del>Denver RTD<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'s EcoPass</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Image</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Denverrtd</ins>.jpg|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">right|thumb</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">500px</ins>|Denver RTD <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was one of the first agencies to experiment with a DDGP program. Source: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/37467370@N08/7582314732/ Greg Goebel]</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In an era of stagnant or decreasing ridership, transit agencies are looking for new ways to boost revenue. Deep discount group passes (DDGPs) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are a way for </del>agencies to tap into large, centralized groups of potential riders. In the DDGP model, a large organization such as an employer or university pays a set sum to a transit provider in exchange for unlimited passes for the organization's members. The total cost per rider to the organization is much lower than it would be to buy individual passes at full price - a discount of anywhere from 40% to 90%+<ref>[http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/crp_fac/20/ Nuworsoo, C. (2005). Deep Discount Group Pass Programs: Innovative Transit Finance. Berkeley Planning Journal]</ref>. As long as most of the organization's riders were not previously purchasing individual passes, then the DDGP program will create additional revenue for the transit agency.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In an era of stagnant or decreasing ridership, transit agencies are looking for new ways to boost revenue. Deep discount group passes (DDGPs) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">allow </ins>agencies to tap into large, centralized groups of potential riders. In the DDGP model, a large organization such as an employer or university pays a set sum to a transit provider in exchange for unlimited passes for the organization's members. The total cost per rider to the organization is much lower than it would be to buy individual passes at full price - a discount of anywhere from 40% to 90%+ <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in studied cases</ins><ref>[http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/crp_fac/20/ Nuworsoo, C. (2005). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins>Deep Discount Group Pass Programs: Innovative Transit Finance.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">" </ins>Berkeley Planning Journal]</ref>. As long as most of the organization's riders were not previously purchasing individual passes, then the DDGP program will create additional revenue for the transit agency.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In setting fares</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">agencies are typically focused on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">individual existing rider</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whereas </del>DDGP <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">shifts the focus to groups </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">potential riders</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Adjusting </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">base fare for service affects individual choice about how many trips they </del>will <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">make; raising </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fare causes </del>price<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-sensitive riders to make fewer trips while lowering </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fare encourages people to ride more frequently</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A group pass program encourages a large number </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">people to make effectively unlimited trips</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">typically extended </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">groups who might </del>not <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have used transit at all</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">If </del>these people <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were not </del>riders <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">previously, each one represents a revenue gain even though </del>the agency <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sells the pass at a discount</del>. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===Benefits===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When structured correctly</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DDGP programs benefit both the pass purchaser (employer, university) and the transit agency. The employer can market the program as an additional employee benefit, one that is viewed as progressive and environmentally conscious. For </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">agency</ins>, DDGP <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">programs represent an additional source </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">revenue</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Even though </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">per-pass price is greatly reduced, a DDGP program </ins>will <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">still increase revenue as long as </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">marginal cost of serving the additional riders is lower than the bulk </ins>price <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">passes</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Assuming that many </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the new riders did not individually purchase rides before</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">then a DDGP program </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">likely </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">be profitable as long as extra service is </ins>not <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">required to meet the new demand</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A secondary benefit of </ins>these <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">programs is that they get more </ins>people <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">riding, and if these new </ins>riders <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">enjoy their experience then they can help raise the profile of </ins>the agency <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and bring on full-price customers</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Benefits </del>===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Common Characteristics</ins>===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When structured correctly, </del>DDGP programs benefit <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">both </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pass purchaser (</del>employer<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, university) and </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">transit agency. The employer can market </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">program as an additional employee benefit, one that is viewed as progressive </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">environmentally conscious</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">For </del>the agency, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DDGP programs represent an additional source of revenue</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Even though </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">per-pass price is greatly reduced, </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DDGP program will still increase revenue as long as the marginal </del>cost <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of serving the additional riders </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lower than </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bulk price of the passes. Assuming that many </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the new riders did not individually purchase rides before</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">then </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DDGP program is likely to be profitable as long as extra service is not required </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">meet </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">new demand. A secondary benefit of these programs is that they get more people riding, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">if these new riders enjoy </del>their <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">experience then they can help raise the profile of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">agency and bring on full-price riders</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>DDGP programs <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">typically define an eligible group, such as all </ins>benefit<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-eligible employees, all currently enrolled students, all city employees, etc. In some cases </ins>the employer <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pays for </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cost of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">passes </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">makes them available to eligible participants at no charge</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In other cases </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">organization and transit </ins>agency <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">negotiate a discounted pass price</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which eligible individuals then pay directly</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In other cases </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">group at large pays </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fee and everything receives passes at no additional </ins>cost<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; this system </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in place at </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">University </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">New Hampshire</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">where students and faculty pay </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fee </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fund </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">transit system </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">may simply present </ins>their <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">university ID to board </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bus</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== Common Characteristics ===</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Because of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">high value </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">unlimited </ins>transit <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">passes</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">they often include photo ID to deter fraudulent use</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DDGP typically confer unlimited use of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">system </ins>to the pass <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">holder for </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">year</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">although universities </ins>may <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">divide pass eligibility by academic period</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DDGP programs typically define an eligible group, such as all benefit-eligible employees, all currently enrolled students, all city employees, etc. In some cases the employer pays for </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cost </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the pass and makes them available to eligible participants at no charge. In other cases the organization and </del>transit <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">agency negotiate a discounted pass price</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which eligible individuals then pay directly</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">For example, at UCLA, students pay each quarter for </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discounted bus pass; while a significant savings over other options for regular users, it still requires students </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pay for </del>the pass <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">individually. Other variations include the unlimited ride benefit at no cost to the user while the group at large pays </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fee; this system is in place at the University of New Hampshire</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">where students and faculty pay a fee to fund the transit system and </del>may <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">simply present their university ID to board the bus at no charge</del>.</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Passes often have </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">photo ID to deter fraudulent use, given the high value of the benefit. DDGP typically confer unlimited use of the system to the pass holder for a year, although universities may divide pass eligibility by academic semester or quarter</del>. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Some programs include </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Guaranteed Ride Home|guaranteed ride home]] component</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Some programs include </del>a [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Guaranteed Ride Home|guaranteed ride home]</del>] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">component</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Case Studies==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===Denver EcoPass===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The Denver Regional Transportation District (RTD) was </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pioneer in DDGP programming with the </ins>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://www.rtd-denver.com/EcoPass.shtml EcoPass]. Participating employers are required to offer the pass to all full-time employees. The pass cost is determined by the employer location, number of employees, and transit options nearby. This flexibility allows RTD to charge more for employers downtown suburb oness who may have less incentive to participate. While pass holders receive unlimited use of most RTD services, it excludes some specialized services. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Denver RTD offers other variations on the EcoPass program to provide as broad of coverage as possible. Passes can be paid for by employers, employees (using pre-tax dollars), or some combination. If an organization does not want to provide unlimited EcoPasses, it can provide transit vouchers or use the </ins>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://www.rtd-denver.com/FlexPass.shtml FlexPass</ins>] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">program, which allows for more specificity in the services covered</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== Experience ==</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The </ins>EcoPass <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">program has been successful for </ins>Denver RTD<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. The program yields significantly higher revenue-per-boarding than the system-wide average. EcoPass and </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">agency's other DDPG programs account for more than half of all fare revenue<ref></ins>[http://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">milehighconnects</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">org/wp</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">content/uploads/2015/01</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">RTD-Pass-Program-Report-2015</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pdf Livable Places Consulting</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(2014)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"Reducing Transportation Costs in the Denver Region through Expanded Transit Pass Programs</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"]</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== Denver </del>EcoPass <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The </del>Denver <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Regional Transportation District (</del>RTD<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) was a pioneer in DDGP programming with </del>the [http://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rtd</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">denver.com</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">EcoPass</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">shtml EcoPass]</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Participating employers are required to offer the pass to all full-time employees</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The pass cost is determined by the employer location, number of employees, and transit options nearby</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This flexibility allows RTD to charge more for employers downtown versus those in free-parking-rich suburbs who may have less incentive to participate. While pass holders receive unlimited use of most RTD services, there is an upcharge for the airport express buses and the pass is not valid on other specialized services at all</del>. </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Denver RTD also </del>offers <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other variations </del>on the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">EcoPass </del>program to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">provide as broad coverage as possible</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A more flexible version allows employers to choose </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">level of </del>transit <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">service employees may take advantage of under </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pass</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for example</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===UCLA BruinGo===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">UCLA </ins>offers <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">transit passes to its students under the [https://main.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/bruingo-transit BruinGO!] program. The program initially offered all UCLA students, faculty, and staff free rides </ins>on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Santa Monica's Big Blue Bus. After </ins>the program <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">launched, people in the service area began riding the bus </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">campus in increased numbers. Unlike a conventional DDGP program, UCLA paid Big Blue Bus per ride. However, the university paid a significantly lower amount than a standard fare. The program was funded by campus parking revenues</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Aside from revenue from new riders, the BruinGO! program benefited </ins>the transit <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">agency because existing riders who joined </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">program began paying their fare with a card rather than coins</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which increased boarding speed vehicle productivity<ref>[http://shoup.bol.ucla.edu/FareFreePublicTransitAtUniversities.pdf Brown, J., Hess, D.B., & Shoup, D. (2003). "Fare-Free Public Transit at Universities: An Evaluation." Journal of Planning Education and Research.]</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== University of Washington ===</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">While the program was popular, UCLA eventually stopped giving free transit passes to students and faculty. Today the university instead subsidizes public transportation, offering students half-price fares on Big Blue Bus and the neighboring Culver CityBus, as well as half-price unlimited quarterly passes for LA Metro, LADOT Commuter Express, Santa Clarita Transit, and Antelope Valley Transit Authority<ref>[https</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//main.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/bruingo-transit UCLA Transportation. "BruinGO! Transit Program."]</ref>. The university also offers free passes to students who agree to not apply for campus parking in an attempt to manage parking demand<ref>[https://main.transportation.ucla.edu/getting-to-ucla/public-transit/transit-incentive-program </ins>UCLA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Transportation. "Transit Incentive Program."]</ref>.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== California</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Berkeley and </del>UCLA <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Brown</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Jeffrey and Daniel Baldwin Hess, and Donald Shoup</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“Fare-Free Public </del>Transit <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at Universities</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">An Evaluation</del>,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">” Journal </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Planning Education and Research, 23(1), 2003 pp. 69–82</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Additional Reading==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/crp_fac/20/ Nuworsoo</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">C. (2005)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"Deep Discount Group Pass Programs: Innovative </ins>Transit <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Finance." Berkeley Planning Journal]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This paper provides a detailed look into the economics of the DDGP system</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including a general overview and breakdown </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">potential increases in revenue</ins>.</div></td></tr>
</table>Rabiabonourhttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Deep_Discount_Group_Pass&diff=3725&oldid=prevRabiabonour at 20:47, 9 February 20172017-02-09T20:47:48Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Benefits ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Benefits ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>DDGP programs <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have benefits for </del>both the pass purchaser (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">employers</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">universities</del>) and the transit agency. The employer can <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">consider and </del>market the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pass </del>program as an employee benefit, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">enhancing the image of the company </del>as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a </del>progressive and environmentally-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">conscious business</del>. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When structured correctly, </ins>DDGP programs <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">benefit </ins>both the pass purchaser (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">employer</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">university</ins>) and the transit agency. The employer can market the program as an <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">additional </ins>employee benefit, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">one that is viewed </ins>as progressive and environmentally <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">conscious. For the agency, DDGP programs represent an additional source of revenue. Even though the per</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pass price is greatly reduced, a DDGP program will still increase revenue as long as the marginal cost of serving the additional riders is lower than the bulk price of the passes</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Assuming </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">many </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </ins>new riders <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">did not individually purchase rides before, then </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DDGP program is likely to be profitable as long as extra service is not required to meet </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">new demand. A secondary benefit of these programs is that they get more people riding</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and if these new riders enjoy their experience then </ins>they <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can help raise the profile of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">agency and bring on full</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">price riders</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Consider also </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">if most </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">these </del>new riders <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">good experience with </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">transit system</del>, they <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">may encourage others to try </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">service as well. Thus a DDGP can serve as a cost</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">effective marketing program as well</del>.</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Common Characteristics ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Common Characteristics ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>DDGP programs typically define an eligible group, such as all benefit-eligible employees, all currently enrolled students, all city employees, etc. In some cases the employer pays for the cost of the pass and makes them available to eligible participants at no charge. In other cases the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pass discount is negotiated between the employer </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>transit agency <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with </del>eligible <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">persons paying the cost of the pass individually</del>. For example, at UCLA, students pay each quarter for the discounted bus pass; while a significant savings over other options for regular users, it still requires students to pay for the pass individually. Other variations include the unlimited ride benefit at no cost to the user while the group at large pays a fee; this system is in place at the University of New Hampshire, where students and faculty pay a fee to fund the transit system and may simply present their university ID to board the bus at no charge.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>DDGP programs typically define an eligible group, such as all benefit-eligible employees, all currently enrolled students, all city employees, etc. In some cases the employer pays for the cost of the pass and makes them available to eligible participants at no charge. In other cases the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">organization </ins>and transit agency <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">negotiate a discounted pass price, which </ins>eligible <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">individuals then pay directly</ins>. For example, at UCLA, students pay each quarter for the discounted bus pass; while a significant savings over other options for regular users, it still requires students to pay for the pass individually. Other variations include the unlimited ride benefit at no cost to the user while the group at large pays a fee; this system is in place at the University of New Hampshire, where students and faculty pay a fee to fund the transit system and may simply present their university ID to board the bus at no charge.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Passes often have a photo ID to deter fraudulent use, given the high value of the benefit. DDGP typically confer unlimited use of the system to the pass holder for a year, although universities may divide pass eligibility by academic semester or quarter. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Passes often have a photo ID to deter fraudulent use, given the high value of the benefit. DDGP typically confer unlimited use of the system to the pass holder for a year, although universities may divide pass eligibility by academic semester or quarter. </div></td></tr>
</table>Rabiabonourhttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Deep_Discount_Group_Pass&diff=3724&oldid=prevRabiabonour at 05:20, 9 February 20172017-02-09T05:20:06Z<p></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{template:stub}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Market Response]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Market Response]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecopass.jpg|framed|right|A sample of Denver RTD's EcoPass]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecopass.jpg|framed|right|A sample of Denver RTD's EcoPass]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Deep discount group passes (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DDGP</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can be offered by transit </del>agencies <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as an incentive for increasing ridership among </del>large groups of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">typically centralized people while boosting agency revenue</del>. DDGP <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">programs are commonly offered to employers and universities. The </del>employer pays for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the privilege of offering its employees </del>unlimited <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">transit system</del>. The cost <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">assessed by the transit agency </del>to the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">employer </del>would be <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">significantly less than the employer buying </del>passes <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for every single employee</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it still generates new revenue for the transit agency because the lure </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"free" transit incentivizes </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">employees to ride when previously very few probably used transit. Since effectively all of those </del>riders <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are new, even if they are </del>not <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">individually paying the full fare</del>, the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">partnership between </del>the transit agency <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and the employer generates new revenue</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In an era of stagnant or decreasing ridership, transit agencies are looking for new ways to boost revenue. </ins>Deep discount group passes (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DDGPs</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are a way for </ins>agencies <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to tap into </ins>large<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, centralized </ins>groups of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">potential riders</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In the </ins>DDGP <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">model, a large organization such as an </ins>employer <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or university </ins>pays <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a set sum to a transit provider in exchange </ins>for unlimited <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">passes for </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">organization's members</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">total </ins>cost <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">per rider </ins>to the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">organization is much lower than it </ins>would be <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to buy individual </ins>passes <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at full price - a discount of anywhere from 40% to 90%+<ref>[http://digitalcommons.calpoly</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">edu/crp_fac/20/ Nuworsoo</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">C. (2005). Deep Discount Group Pass Programs: Innovative Transit Finance. Berkeley Planning Journal]</ref>. As long as most </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">organization's </ins>riders <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were </ins>not <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">previously purchasing individual passes</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">then </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DDGP program will create additional revenue for </ins>the transit agency.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In setting fares, agencies are typically focused on the individual existing rider, whereas DDGP shifts the focus to groups of potential riders<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>Nuworsoo, Cornelius, “Deep Discount Group Pass Programs: Innovative Transit Finance,” Berkeley Planning Journal, 18 (2005), pp. 151-165.</ref></del>. Adjusting the base fare for service affects individual choice about how many trips they will make; raising the fare causes price-sensitive riders to make fewer trips while lowering the fare encourages people to ride more frequently. A group pass program encourages a large number of people to make effectively unlimited trips, but is typically extended to groups who might not have used transit at all. If these people were not riders previously, each one represents a revenue gain even though the agency sells the pass at a discount. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In setting fares, agencies are typically focused on the individual existing rider, whereas DDGP shifts the focus to groups of potential riders. Adjusting the base fare for service affects individual choice about how many trips they will make; raising the fare causes price-sensitive riders to make fewer trips while lowering the fare encourages people to ride more frequently. A group pass program encourages a large number of people to make effectively unlimited trips, but is typically extended to groups who might not have used transit at all. If these people were not riders previously, each one represents a revenue gain even though the agency sells the pass at a discount. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Benefits ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Benefits ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Rabiabonourhttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Deep_Discount_Group_Pass&diff=3527&oldid=prevJmatute at 22:43, 23 January 20172017-01-23T22:43:51Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THIS ARTICLE IS IN DEVELOPMENT</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:Market Response]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecopass.jpg|framed|right|A sample of Denver RTD's EcoPass]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecopass.jpg|framed|right|A sample of Denver RTD's EcoPass]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Jmatutehttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Deep_Discount_Group_Pass&diff=1813&oldid=prevJlarose at 18:34, 28 May 20142014-05-28T18:34:10Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Passes often have a photo ID to deter fraudulent use, given the high value of the benefit. DDGP typically confer unlimited use of the system to the pass holder for a year, although universities may divide pass eligibility by academic semester or quarter. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Passes often have a photo ID to deter fraudulent use, given the high value of the benefit. DDGP typically confer unlimited use of the system to the pass holder for a year, although universities may divide pass eligibility by academic semester or quarter. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Some programs include a guaranteed ride home component.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Some programs include a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Guaranteed Ride Home|</ins>guaranteed ride home<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>component.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Experience ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Experience ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Denver EcoPass ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Denver EcoPass ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Denver Regional Transportation District (RTD) was a pioneer in DDGP programming with the [http://www.rtd-denver.com/EcoPass.shtml EcoPass]. Participating employers are required to offer the pass to all full-time employees. The pass cost is determined by the employer location, number of employees, and transit options nearby. This flexibility allows RTD to charge more for employers downtown versus those in free-parking-rich suburbs who may have less incentive to participate. While pass holders receive unlimited use of most RTD services, there is an upcharge for the airport express buses and the pass is not valid on other specialized services at all. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Denver RTD also offers other variations on the EcoPass program to provide as broad coverage as possible. A more flexible version allows employers to choose the level of transit service employees may take advantage of under the pass, for example.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== University of Washington ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== University of Washington ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Jlarosehttps://www.transitwiki.org/TransitWiki/index.php?title=Deep_Discount_Group_Pass&diff=1811&oldid=prevJlarose at 18:22, 28 May 20142014-05-28T18:22:09Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:22, 28 May 2014</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>DDGP programs have benefits for both the pass purchaser (employers, universities) and the transit agency. The employer can consider and market the pass program as an employee benefit, enhancing the image of the company as a progressive and environmentally-conscious business. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>DDGP programs have benefits for both the pass purchaser (employers, universities) and the transit agency. The employer can consider and market the pass program as an employee benefit, enhancing the image of the company as a progressive and environmentally-conscious business. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Consider also that if most of these new riders have a good experience with the transit system, they may encourage others to try the service as well. Thus a DDGP can serve as a cost-effective marketing program as well.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Consider also that if most of these new riders have a good experience with the transit system, they may encourage others to try the service as well. Thus a DDGP can serve as a cost-effective marketing program as well.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== Common Characteristics ===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">DDGP programs typically define an eligible group, such as all benefit-eligible employees, all currently enrolled students, all city employees, etc. In some cases the employer pays for the cost of the pass and makes them available to eligible participants at no charge. In other cases the pass discount is negotiated between the employer and the transit agency with eligible persons paying the cost of the pass individually. For example, at UCLA, students pay each quarter for the discounted bus pass; while a significant savings over other options for regular users, it still requires students to pay for the pass individually. Other variations include the unlimited ride benefit at no cost to the user while the group at large pays a fee; this system is in place at the University of New Hampshire, where students and faculty pay a fee to fund the transit system and may simply present their university ID to board the bus at no charge.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Passes often have a photo ID to deter fraudulent use, given the high value of the benefit. DDGP typically confer unlimited use of the system to the pass holder for a year, although universities may divide pass eligibility by academic semester or quarter. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Some programs include a guaranteed ride home component.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Experience ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Experience ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Denver ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Denver <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">EcoPass </ins>===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== University of Washington ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== University of Washington ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== California: Berkeley and UCLA ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== California: Berkeley and UCLA ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Jlarose