Last mile connections - Revision history

Jmatute at 19:56, 20 May 2019

2019-05-20T19:56:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:56, 20 May 2019
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	=== Car Sharing and Ride Sharing Apps ===		=== Car Sharing and Ride Sharing Apps ===
	Car sharing, such as ~~SHARE~~, Car2Go, and many others, can provide the highest level of connection and flexibility. Availability of shared cars around major transit stations can allow transit riders to reach their final destination quickly. However, this is probably most practical for occasional transit users and for long-distance modes like intercity rail. Further research is needed.		Car sharing, such as ZipCar, Car2Go, and many others, can provide the highest level of connection and flexibility. Availability of shared cars around major transit stations can allow transit riders to reach their final destination quickly. However, this is probably most practical for occasional transit users and for long-distance modes like intercity rail. Further research is needed.

	Another emerging application of smartphone technology in transportation is ride sharing apps such as Lyft, Uber, and Sidecar. These apps match up vetted drivers with riders in an ad-hoc taxi-like system . Although the ability to manage or directly incorporate this new alternative into the transit network remains in question, transit planners should be aware of the existence and growth in the ride sharing app market.		Another emerging application of smartphone technology in transportation is ride sharing apps such as Lyft, Uber, and Sidecar. These apps match up vetted drivers with riders in an ad-hoc taxi-like system . Although the ability to manage or directly incorporate this new alternative into the transit network remains in question, transit planners should be aware of the existence and growth in the ride sharing app market.

Jmatute at 20:05, 11 April 2019

2019-04-11T20:05:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:05, 11 April 2019
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	The "last-mile" or "first and last-mile" connection describes the beginning or end of an individual trip made primarily by public transportation. In many cases, people will walk to transit if it is close enough. However, on either end of a public transit trip, the origin or destination may be difficult or impossible to access by a short walk. This gap from public transit to destination is termed a ''last mile connection''.		The "last-mile" or "first and last-mile" connection describes the beginning or end of an individual trip made primarily by public transportation. In many cases, people will walk to transit if it is close enough. However, on either end of a public transit trip, the origin or destination may be difficult or impossible to access by a short walk. This gap from public transit to destination is termed a ''last mile connection''.

	Intercity rail is a common example: a traveler reaches their local train station, but after getting off the train has no way to access the final destination. The traveler might have driven to the train station at the start, or perhaps they took a local bus or walked. The train carries them a long distance to another city where the final destination is too far to walk to from the station. Without some form of connection in the destination city, travelers become effectively stranded near the end. This example can be applied to any mode of transit..		Intercity rail is a common example: a traveler reaches their local train station, but after getting off the train has no way to access the final destination. The traveler might have driven to the train station at the start, or perhaps they took a local bus or walked. The train carries them a long distance to another city where the final destination is too far to walk to from the station. Without some form of connection in the destination city, travelers become effectively stranded near the end. This example can be applied to any mode of transit.

	== Last Mile Connections ==		== Last Mile Connections ==

Rcrum17: Avis Budget Group purchased Zipcar and it is now a subsidiary.

2019-03-29T20:20:08Z

Avis Budget Group purchased Zipcar and it is now a subsidiary.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:20, 29 March 2019
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	=== Car Sharing and Ride Sharing Apps ===		=== Car Sharing and Ride Sharing Apps ===
	Car sharing, such as ~~ZipCar~~, Car2Go, and many others, can provide the highest level of connection and flexibility. Availability of shared cars around major transit stations can allow transit riders to reach their final destination quickly. However, this is probably most practical for occasional transit users and for long-distance modes like intercity rail. Further research is needed.		Car sharing, such as SHARE, Car2Go, and many others, can provide the highest level of connection and flexibility. Availability of shared cars around major transit stations can allow transit riders to reach their final destination quickly. However, this is probably most practical for occasional transit users and for long-distance modes like intercity rail. Further research is needed.

	Another emerging application of smartphone technology in transportation is ride sharing apps such as Lyft, Uber, and Sidecar. These apps match up vetted drivers with riders in an ad-hoc taxi-like system . Although the ability to manage or directly incorporate this new alternative into the transit network remains in question, transit planners should be aware of the existence and growth in the ride sharing app market.		Another emerging application of smartphone technology in transportation is ride sharing apps such as Lyft, Uber, and Sidecar. These apps match up vetted drivers with riders in an ad-hoc taxi-like system . Although the ability to manage or directly incorporate this new alternative into the transit network remains in question, transit planners should be aware of the existence and growth in the ride sharing app market.

Rcrum17 at 18:50, 29 March 2019

2019-03-29T18:50:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:50, 29 March 2019
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	===Microtransit===		===Microtransit===
	Microtransit is a privately owned and operated shared transportation system that can offer fixed routes and schedules, as well as flexible routes and on-demand scheduling. The vehicles generally include vans and buses. In the United States, public transportation agencies are experimenting with on-demand, shared, and dynamic models to augment traditional fixed-route bus and train services. These services, referred to as microtransit, are enabled by technology similar to ride sharing apps. The private sector provides the service, but with the help of taxpayer subsidy in most cases.		Microtransit is a privately owned and operated shared transportation system that can offer fixed routes and schedules, as well as flexible routes and on-demand scheduling. The vehicles generally include vans and buses. In the United States, public transportation agencies are experimenting with on-demand, shared, and dynamic models to augment traditional fixed-route bus and train services. These services, referred to as microtransit, are enabled by technology similar to ride sharing apps. The private sector provides the service, but with the help of taxpayer subsidy in most cases.

			[[Image:SHARE Odyssey.png\|right\|thumb\|350px\|Example of a vehicle performing last mile connection in Columbus, OH]]

	=== Zoning and Density ===		=== Zoning and Density ===

Rcrum17: Edited my addition to "additional Reading" - This is the study that Eno conducted regarding microtransit. Overall, a more reputable reading.

2019-03-29T16:25:32Z

Edited my addition to "additional Reading" - This is the study that Eno conducted regarding microtransit. Overall, a more reputable reading.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:25, 29 March 2019
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	===Microtransit===		===Microtransit===
	Microtransit is a privately owned and operated shared transportation system that can offer fixed routes and schedules, as well as flexible routes and on-demand scheduling. The vehicles generally include vans and buses. In the United States, public transportation agencies are experimenting with on-demand, shared, and dynamic models to augment traditional fixed-route bus and train services. These services, referred to as microtransit, are enabled by technology similar to ride sharing apps. The private sector provides the service, but with the help of taxpayer subsidy in most cases.		Microtransit is a privately owned and operated shared transportation system that can offer fixed routes and schedules, as well as flexible routes and on-demand scheduling. The vehicles generally include vans and buses. In the United States, public transportation agencies are experimenting with on-demand, shared, and dynamic models to augment traditional fixed-route bus and train services. These services, referred to as microtransit, are enabled by technology similar to ride sharing apps. The private sector provides the service, but with the help of taxpayer subsidy in most cases.

	=== Zoning and Density ===		=== Zoning and Density ===
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	[http://transweb.sjsu.edu/PDFs/research/1104-bicycle-policy-transit-accessibility-first-last-mile.pdf Flamm, B. & Rivasplata, C. (2014). "Perceptions of Bicycle-Friendly Policy Impacts on Accessibility to Transit Services: The First and Last Mile Bridge." Mineta Transportation Institute.]		[http://transweb.sjsu.edu/PDFs/research/1104-bicycle-policy-transit-accessibility-first-last-mile.pdf Flamm, B. & Rivasplata, C. (2014). "Perceptions of Bicycle-Friendly Policy Impacts on Accessibility to Transit Services: The First and Last Mile Bridge." Mineta Transportation Institute.]

	[https://www.~~usnews~~.~~com~~/~~opinion/economic~~-~~intelligence/articles~~/~~2018~~-01-~~24/like~~-~~uber~~-for~~-public-transit/ Puentes, Robert~~ (2018). "~~The Coming Age of~~ Microtransit~~: Think Uber, but for Public Transit~~." ~~U.S. News~~]		[https://www.enotrans.org/etl-material/uprouted-exploring-microtransit-united-states/ Eno: Center for Transportation (2018). "UpRouted: Exploring Microtransit in the United States."]

	[[Category:Investment and planning]]		[[Category:Investment and planning]]

Rcrum17: Added the US Department of Transportation's description of "Microtransit" - a concept that is in lock-step with last mile shuttle circulators

2019-03-29T15:45:58Z

Added the US Department of Transportation's description of "Microtransit" - a concept that is in lock-step with last mile shuttle circulators

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:45, 29 March 2019
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	Another emerging application of smartphone technology in transportation is ride sharing apps such as Lyft, Uber, and Sidecar. These apps match up vetted drivers with riders in an ad-hoc taxi-like system . Although the ability to manage or directly incorporate this new alternative into the transit network remains in question, transit planners should be aware of the existence and growth in the ride sharing app market.		Another emerging application of smartphone technology in transportation is ride sharing apps such as Lyft, Uber, and Sidecar. These apps match up vetted drivers with riders in an ad-hoc taxi-like system . Although the ability to manage or directly incorporate this new alternative into the transit network remains in question, transit planners should be aware of the existence and growth in the ride sharing app market.

			===Microtransit===
			Microtransit is a privately owned and operated shared transportation system that can offer fixed routes and schedules, as well as flexible routes and on-demand scheduling. The vehicles generally include vans and buses. In the United States, public transportation agencies are experimenting with on-demand, shared, and dynamic models to augment traditional fixed-route bus and train services. These services, referred to as microtransit, are enabled by technology similar to ride sharing apps. The private sector provides the service, but with the help of taxpayer subsidy in most cases.

	=== Zoning and Density ===		=== Zoning and Density ===
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	== Additional Reading ==		== Additional Reading ==
	[http://transweb.sjsu.edu/PDFs/research/1104-bicycle-policy-transit-accessibility-first-last-mile.pdf Flamm, B. & Rivasplata, C. (2014). "Perceptions of Bicycle-Friendly Policy Impacts on Accessibility to Transit Services: The First and Last Mile Bridge." Mineta Transportation Institute.]		[http://transweb.sjsu.edu/PDFs/research/1104-bicycle-policy-transit-accessibility-first-last-mile.pdf Flamm, B. & Rivasplata, C. (2014). "Perceptions of Bicycle-Friendly Policy Impacts on Accessibility to Transit Services: The First and Last Mile Bridge." Mineta Transportation Institute.]

			[https://www.usnews.com/opinion/economic-intelligence/articles/2018-01-24/like-uber-for-public-transit/ Puentes, Robert (2018). "The Coming Age of Microtransit: Think Uber, but for Public Transit." U.S. News]

	[[Category:Investment and planning]]		[[Category:Investment and planning]]

Jmatute at 23:01, 30 October 2018

2018-10-30T23:01:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:01, 30 October 2018
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	The "last-mile" or "first and last-mile" connection describes the beginning or end of an individual trip made primarily by public transportation. In many cases, people will walk to transit if it is close enough. However, on either end of a public transit trip, the origin or destination may be difficult or impossible to access by a short walk. This gap from public transit to destination is termed a ''last mile connection''.		The "last-mile" or "first and last-mile" connection describes the beginning or end of an individual trip made primarily by public transportation. In many cases, people will walk to transit if it is close enough. However, on either end of a public transit trip, the origin or destination may be difficult or impossible to access by a short walk. This gap from public transit to destination is termed a ''last mile connection''.

	Intercity rail is a common example: a traveler reaches their local train station, but after getting off the train has no way to access the final destination. The traveler might have driven to the train station at the start, or perhaps they took a local bus or walked. The train carries them a long distance to another city where the final destination is too far to walk to from the station. Without some form of connection in the destination city, travelers become effectively stranded near the end. This example can be applied to any mode of transit.		Intercity rail is a common example: a traveler reaches their local train station, but after getting off the train has no way to access the final destination. The traveler might have driven to the train station at the start, or perhaps they took a local bus or walked. The train carries them a long distance to another city where the final destination is too far to walk to from the station. Without some form of connection in the destination city, travelers become effectively stranded near the end. This example can be applied to any mode of transit..

	== Last Mile Connections ==		== Last Mile Connections ==
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	There are many strategies for providing last mile connections:		There are many strategies for providing last mile connections:
	=== Pedestrians and Cyclists ===		=== Pedestrians and Cyclists ===
	[[Pedestrian connections\|ADA-compliant pedestrian infrastructure]] is a foundation of local travel anywhere, and is especially important in planning transit service. Transit planners must be cautious about assessing a potential rider base by simply drawing a 1/4 mile circle around stops. Geographic or urban barriers may prevent walking to transit~~<ref>[http://www.humantransit.org/2011/04/basics-walking-distance-to-transit.html Walker, J. (2011). "Basics: Walking Distance to Transit". Human Transit.]</ref>~~.		[[Pedestrian connections\|ADA-compliant pedestrian infrastructure]] is a foundation of local travel anywhere, and is especially important in planning transit service. Transit planners must be cautious about assessing a potential rider base by simply drawing a 1/4 mile circle around stops. Geographic or urban barriers may prevent walking to transit.

	Bicycling extends the range of mobility and improves access, if it is safe (or even possible) to bike. It is important for transit agencies to provide high-quality [[Bike Parking At Transit Stations]]. Additionally, use of bikes differs by mode. For example, many agencies provide bicycle racks on the front of a bus, but will not allow bikes inside <ref>[https://www.metro.net/riding/bikes/ "Bike Metro." Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority.]</ref> <ref>[http://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/bicycling/bikes-muni "Bikes on Muni." San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency.]</ref> . This means that on low-frequency bus systems, a two or three-position bike rack may significantly limit the cycling-bus combination at peak. If the bike rack on the bus is full and there is no bike parking available near busy stops, some potential riders may choose not to take the bus. For rail systems, some agencies allow bikes on board, especially for light rail, but may not for street cars. Regional heavy and commuter rail systems sometimes have specific racks in train cars ~~<ref>[http://www.metrolinktrains.com/news/promotions_detail/title/Bike_Guidelines "Bikes on Board." Metrolink.]</ref>~~. Foldable bicycles are growing in popularity with commuters in some areas and may be allowable where standard bikes are not (such as on board a streetcar).		Bicycling extends the range of mobility and improves access, if it is safe (or even possible) to bike. It is important for transit agencies to provide high-quality [[Bike Parking At Transit Stations]]. Additionally, use of bikes differs by mode. For example, many agencies provide bicycle racks on the front of a bus, but will not allow bikes inside . This means that on low-frequency bus systems, a two or three-position bike rack may significantly limit the cycling-bus combination at peak. If the bike rack on the bus is full and there is no bike parking available near busy stops, some potential riders may choose not to take the bus. For rail systems, some agencies allow bikes on board, especially for light rail, but may not for street cars. Regional heavy and commuter rail systems sometimes have specific racks in train cars . Foldable bicycles are growing in popularity with commuters in some areas and may be allowable where standard bikes are not (such as on board a streetcar).

	Bike share is a next-step to providing good infrastructure. Advanced bike share programs may be more challenging to implement in smaller, isolated cities. Instead, it may be more practical to make arrangements with local bike shops to have information or bike rentals near transit.		Bike share is a next-step to providing good infrastructure. Advanced bike share programs may be more challenging to implement in smaller, isolated cities. Instead, it may be more practical to make arrangements with local bike shops to have information or bike rentals near transit.
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	=== Local Transit ===		=== Local Transit ===
	Local transit connections to regional transit can include shuttle buses or regular stops by fixed-route service. For example, Emeryville, CA, provides a free bus shuttle system connecting to the nearest BART station<ref>[http://www.npr.org/2013/11/13/243955769/how-a-free-bus-shuttle-helped-make-a-small-town-take-off Gonzales, R. (2013). "How a Free Bus Shuttle Helped a Small Town Take Off." National Public Radio.]</ref>. Connecting local and regional service can be challenging. If the local service is infrequent, long waits for connections will turn off passengers. Timing local service to connect, or even wait for regional service is an option, but may decrease reliability elsewhere on the route.		Local transit connections to regional transit can include shuttle buses or regular stops by fixed-route service. For example, Emeryville, CA, provides a free bus shuttle system connecting to the nearest BART station. Connecting local and regional service can be challenging. If the local service is infrequent, long waits for connections will turn off passengers. Timing local service to connect, or even wait for regional service is an option, but may decrease reliability elsewhere on the route.

	=== Taxis ===		=== Taxis ===
	Taxis are a heavily-regulated, but otherwise overlooked alternative for last mile connections. While taxis proliferate around airports, hotels, and nightclubs, their role in public transit is less clear <ref>[http://search.proquest.com/docview/1021391072 Kaing, E. K. (2012). "The taxi: Friend or Foe? Understanding Planners' Perceptions of the Taxi Industry." University of California, Los Angeles.]</ref>. Transit planners may consider contracting with taxi services to enhance transit access. In some cities, especially in tourist centers and warmer climates, "pedi-cabs" (bicycle taxis) can also provide these connections over a smaller area.		Taxis are a heavily-regulated, but otherwise overlooked alternative for last mile connections. While taxis proliferate around airports, hotels, and nightclubs, their role in public transit is less clear . Transit planners may consider contracting with taxi services to enhance transit access. In some cities, especially in tourist centers and warmer climates, "pedi-cabs" (bicycle taxis) can also provide these connections over a smaller area.

	=== Car Sharing and Ride Sharing Apps ===		=== Car Sharing and Ride Sharing Apps ===
	Car sharing, such as ZipCar, Car2Go, and many others, can provide the highest level of connection and flexibility. Availability of shared cars around major transit stations can allow transit riders to reach their final destination quickly. However, this is probably most practical for occasional transit users and for long-distance modes like intercity rail. Further research is needed.		Car sharing, such as ZipCar, Car2Go, and many others, can provide the highest level of connection and flexibility. Availability of shared cars around major transit stations can allow transit riders to reach their final destination quickly. However, this is probably most practical for occasional transit users and for long-distance modes like intercity rail. Further research is needed.

	Another emerging application of smartphone technology in transportation is ride sharing apps such as Lyft, Uber, and Sidecar. These apps match up vetted drivers with riders in an ad-hoc taxi-like system ~~<ref>[http://www.uctc.net/access/40/access40_dynamicridesharing.shtml Deakin, E., Frick, K. T., & Shively, K. (2012). "Dynamic Ridesharing." Access Magazine.]</ref>~~. Although the ability to manage or directly incorporate this new alternative into the transit network remains in question, transit planners should be aware of the existence and growth in the ride sharing app market.		Another emerging application of smartphone technology in transportation is ride sharing apps such as Lyft, Uber, and Sidecar. These apps match up vetted drivers with riders in an ad-hoc taxi-like system . Although the ability to manage or directly incorporate this new alternative into the transit network remains in question, transit planners should be aware of the existence and growth in the ride sharing app market.

	=== Zoning and Density ===		=== Zoning and Density ===
	Although outside the control of most transit agencies, zoning and density affect how transit agencies deliver service. In some areas, a light rail or major bus line may not serve the full potential customer base because low density and sprawl spread customers out of walking range. Planning for [[park-and-rides]] at major stations can encourage some users to make the short drive and use transit for the majority of the trip~~<ref>[http://www.npr.org/2013/04/30/179992119/re-training-los-angeles-car-culture Schmidt, A. (2013). "Rail Planners Aim To Re-'Train' L.A.'s Car Culture." National Public Radio.]</ref>~~. However, working with communities to encourage [[Transit-oriented development\|density around transit]] is important.		Although outside the control of most transit agencies, zoning and density affect how transit agencies deliver service. In some areas, a light rail or major bus line may not serve the full potential customer base because low density and sprawl spread customers out of walking range. Planning for [[park-and-rides]] at major stations can encourage some users to make the short drive and use transit for the majority of the trip. However, working with communities to encourage [[Transit-oriented development\|density around transit]] is important.

	== References ==		== References ==

Jmatute at 16:56, 13 April 2018

2018-04-13T16:56:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:56, 13 April 2018
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	[[Category:First and Last Mile]]		[[Category:First and Last Mile]]
	[[Category:Shared Use Mobility]]		[[Category:Shared Use Mobility]]
			[[Category:Selected article]]

Jmatute at 17:17, 11 April 2018

2018-04-11T17:17:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:17, 11 April 2018
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	[[Category:Market Response]]		[[Category:Market Response]]
	[[Category:First and Last Mile]]		[[Category:First and Last Mile]]
			[[Category:Shared Use Mobility]]

Rabiabonour at 00:42, 18 February 2017

2017-02-18T00:42:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:42, 18 February 2017
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	There are many strategies for providing last mile connections:		There are many strategies for providing last mile connections:
	=== Pedestrians and Cyclists ===		=== Pedestrians and Cyclists ===
	[[Pedestrian connections\|ADA-compliant pedestrian infrastructure]] is a foundation of local travel anywhere, and is especially important in planning transit service. Transit planners must be cautious about assessing a potential rider base by simply drawing a 1/4 mile circle around stops. Geographic or urban barriers may prevent walking to transit<ref>~~Walker, Jarrett. "Basics: Walking Distance to Transit". Human Transit blog. Accessed 4 February 2014.~~ http://www.humantransit.org/2011/04/basics-walking-distance-to-transit.html</ref>.		[[Pedestrian connections\|ADA-compliant pedestrian infrastructure]] is a foundation of local travel anywhere, and is especially important in planning transit service. Transit planners must be cautious about assessing a potential rider base by simply drawing a 1/4 mile circle around stops. Geographic or urban barriers may prevent walking to transit<ref>[http://www.humantransit.org/2011/04/basics-walking-distance-to-transit.html Walker, J. (2011). "Basics: Walking Distance to Transit". Human Transit.]</ref>.

	Bicycling extends the range of mobility and improves access, if it is safe (or even possible) to bike. It is important for transit agencies to provide high-quality [[Bike Parking At Transit Stations]]. Additionally, use of bikes differs by mode. For example, many agencies provide bicycle racks on the front of a bus, but will not allow bikes inside <ref>~~LACMTA. http~~://www.metro.net/bikes/</ref> <ref>~~SFMTA.~~ http://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/bicycling/bikes-muni</ref> . This means that on low-frequency bus systems, a two or three-position bike rack may significantly limit the cycling-bus combination at peak. If the bike rack on the bus is full and there is no bike parking available near busy stops, some potential riders may choose not to take the bus. For rail systems, some agencies allow bikes on board, especially for light rail, but may not for street cars. Regional heavy and commuter rail systems sometimes have specific racks in train cars <ref>~~Metrolink.~~ http://www.metrolinktrains.com/news/promotions_detail/title/Bike_Guidelines</ref>. Foldable bicycles are growing in popularity with commuters in some areas and may be allowable where standard bikes are not (such as on board a streetcar).		Bicycling extends the range of mobility and improves access, if it is safe (or even possible) to bike. It is important for transit agencies to provide high-quality [[Bike Parking At Transit Stations]]. Additionally, use of bikes differs by mode. For example, many agencies provide bicycle racks on the front of a bus, but will not allow bikes inside <ref>[https://www.metro.net/riding/bikes/ "Bike Metro." Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority.]</ref> <ref>[http://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/bicycling/bikes-muni "Bikes on Muni." San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency.]</ref> . This means that on low-frequency bus systems, a two or three-position bike rack may significantly limit the cycling-bus combination at peak. If the bike rack on the bus is full and there is no bike parking available near busy stops, some potential riders may choose not to take the bus. For rail systems, some agencies allow bikes on board, especially for light rail, but may not for street cars. Regional heavy and commuter rail systems sometimes have specific racks in train cars <ref>[http://www.metrolinktrains.com/news/promotions_detail/title/Bike_Guidelines "Bikes on Board." Metrolink.]</ref>. Foldable bicycles are growing in popularity with commuters in some areas and may be allowable where standard bikes are not (such as on board a streetcar).

	Bike share is a next-step to providing good infrastructure. Advanced bike share programs may be more challenging to implement in smaller, isolated cities. Instead, it may be more practical to make arrangements with local bike shops to have information or bike rentals near transit.		Bike share is a next-step to providing good infrastructure. Advanced bike share programs may be more challenging to implement in smaller, isolated cities. Instead, it may be more practical to make arrangements with local bike shops to have information or bike rentals near transit.
Line 20:		Line 20:

	=== Local Transit ===		=== Local Transit ===
	Local transit connections to regional transit can include shuttle buses or regular stops by fixed-route service. For example, Emeryville, CA, provides a free bus shuttle system connecting to the nearest BART station<ref>~~NPR. "How a Free Bus Shuttle Helped a Small Town Take Off" November 13, 2013.~~ http://www.npr.org/2013/11/13/243955769/how-a-free-bus-shuttle-helped-make-a-small-town-take-off~~</ref><ref>Emeryville TMA~~. ~~Emery Go Round website~~. ~~Accessed 4 February 2014~~. ~~http://www.emerygoround.com/maps---schedules~~.~~html~~</ref>. Connecting local and regional service can be challenging. If the local service is infrequent, long waits for connections will turn off passengers. Timing local service to connect, or even wait for regional service is an option, but may decrease reliability elsewhere on the route.		Local transit connections to regional transit can include shuttle buses or regular stops by fixed-route service. For example, Emeryville, CA, provides a free bus shuttle system connecting to the nearest BART station<ref>[http://www.npr.org/2013/11/13/243955769/how-a-free-bus-shuttle-helped-make-a-small-town-take-off Gonzales, R. (2013). "How a Free Bus Shuttle Helped a Small Town Take Off." National Public Radio.]</ref>. Connecting local and regional service can be challenging. If the local service is infrequent, long waits for connections will turn off passengers. Timing local service to connect, or even wait for regional service is an option, but may decrease reliability elsewhere on the route.

	=== Taxis ===		=== Taxis ===
	Taxis are a heavily-regulated, but otherwise overlooked alternative for last mile connections. While taxis proliferate around airports, hotels, and nightclubs, their role in public transit is less clear <ref>Kaing, E. K. (2012). The taxi: Friend or ~~foe~~? ~~understanding planners~~' ~~perceptions~~ of the ~~taxi industry. (Order No~~. ~~1511792,~~ University of California, Los Angeles~~). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, , 107. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1021391072?accountid=14512. (1021391072)~~.</ref>. Transit planners may consider contracting with taxi services to enhance transit access. In some cities, especially in tourist centers and warmer climates, "pedi-cabs" (bicycle taxis) can also provide these connections over a smaller area.		Taxis are a heavily-regulated, but otherwise overlooked alternative for last mile connections. While taxis proliferate around airports, hotels, and nightclubs, their role in public transit is less clear <ref>[http://search.proquest.com/docview/1021391072 Kaing, E. K. (2012). "The taxi: Friend or Foe? Understanding Planners' Perceptions of the Taxi Industry." University of California, Los Angeles.]</ref>. Transit planners may consider contracting with taxi services to enhance transit access. In some cities, especially in tourist centers and warmer climates, "pedi-cabs" (bicycle taxis) can also provide these connections over a smaller area.

	=== Car Sharing and Ride Sharing Apps ===		=== Car Sharing and Ride Sharing Apps ===
	Car sharing, such as ZipCar, Car2Go, and many others, can provide the highest level of connection and flexibility. Availability of shared cars around major transit stations can allow transit riders to reach their final destination quickly. However, this is probably most practical for occasional transit users and for long-distance modes like intercity rail. Further research is needed.		Car sharing, such as ZipCar, Car2Go, and many others, can provide the highest level of connection and flexibility. Availability of shared cars around major transit stations can allow transit riders to reach their final destination quickly. However, this is probably most practical for occasional transit users and for long-distance modes like intercity rail. Further research is needed.

	Another emerging application of smartphone technology in transportation is ride sharing apps such as Lyft, Uber, and Sidecar. These apps match up vetted drivers with riders in an ad-hoc taxi-like system <ref>~~Deakin, Elizabeth et al. "Dynamic Ridesharing".~~ http://www.uctc.net/access/40/access40_dynamicridesharing.shtml. ~~Access Magazine~~. 2012. ~~Issue 40~~. </ref>. Although the ability to manage or directly incorporate this new alternative into the transit network remains in question, transit planners should be aware of the existence and growth in the ride sharing app market.		Another emerging application of smartphone technology in transportation is ride sharing apps such as Lyft, Uber, and Sidecar. These apps match up vetted drivers with riders in an ad-hoc taxi-like system <ref>[http://www.uctc.net/access/40/access40_dynamicridesharing.shtml Deakin, E., Frick, K. T., & Shively, K. (2012). "Dynamic Ridesharing." Access Magazine.]</ref>. Although the ability to manage or directly incorporate this new alternative into the transit network remains in question, transit planners should be aware of the existence and growth in the ride sharing app market.

	=== Zoning and Density ===		=== Zoning and Density ===
	Although outside the control of most transit agencies, zoning and density affect how transit agencies deliver service. In some areas, a light rail or major bus line may not serve the full potential customer base because low density and sprawl spread customers out of walking range. Planning for [[park-and-rides]] at major stations can encourage some users to make the short drive and use transit for the majority of the trip<ref>~~NPR. "Rail Planners Aim To Re-Train L.A.'s Car Culture" April 30, 2013~~ http://www.npr.org/2013/04/30/179992119/re-training-los-angeles-car-culture</ref>. However, working with communities to encourage [[Transit-oriented development\|density around transit]] is important.		Although outside the control of most transit agencies, zoning and density affect how transit agencies deliver service. In some areas, a light rail or major bus line may not serve the full potential customer base because low density and sprawl spread customers out of walking range. Planning for [[park-and-rides]] at major stations can encourage some users to make the short drive and use transit for the majority of the trip<ref>[http://www.npr.org/2013/04/30/179992119/re-training-los-angeles-car-culture Schmidt, A. (2013). "Rail Planners Aim To Re-'Train' L.A.'s Car Culture." National Public Radio.]</ref>. However, working with communities to encourage [[Transit-oriented development\|density around transit]] is important.

	== References ==		== References ==