Bus-on-shoulder - Revision history

Jordanfraade at 22:05, 17 January 2018

2018-01-17T22:05:44Z

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Transrand18: Revised footnotes 1-10, 11-12 and 17.

2017-09-14T19:13:59Z

Revised footnotes 1-10, 11-12 and 17.

Transrand18 at 19:07, 14 September 2017

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Jmatute at 22:48, 5 September 2017

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Transrand18: Added to safety section (and changed title), and added sections on access control and intergovernmental cooperation and CA implementation. Cite sources in latter sections nect time.

2017-08-31T01:44:18Z

Added to safety section (and changed title), and added sections on access control and intergovernmental cooperation and CA implementation. Cite sources in latter sections nect time.

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 Currently, bus on shoulder programs have been implemented in 13 metropolitan areas in the United States, as well as in metropolitan areas in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland<ref>[https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf Zuehlke, J., Kaba, F., McElduff, K., Ho, L. S., & Machemehl, R. PEAK PERIOD BUS USE OF FREEWAY SHOULDERS. 2015]</ref>. In the United States one of the most extensive networks of bus-only shoulders is found in Minnesota<ref>[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/bosupdate.pdf Minnesota Department of Transportation. Bus-Only Shoulders - A Transit Advantage]</ref>.
-In the United States, bus on shoulder programs typically restrict bus use of the shoulder to periods when the speed drops below a particular threshold (e.g. 35 miles per hour in the Twin Cities and Columbus, 25 miles per hour in Miami), and prevent busses from traveling more than 10 mph (San Diego) to 15 mph (Twin Cities) faster than the general-purpose lanes--up to the threshold speed of 35 mph<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TTkuHTXVuXkC&lpg=PA20&ots=buawRmj_J_&dq=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&lr&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&f=false Martin, P. C. Bus Use of Shoulders (Vol. 64). Transportation Research Board. 2006]</ref>, <ref>[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf Florida Department of Transportation. Implementing Bus on Shoulder in Florida. 2016]</ref>--, for safety purposes. The speed-based restrictions do not seem to apply in Ottawa, Canada where busses can use the lanes 24 hours a day<ref>[https://doi.org/10.17226/22809 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. A Guide for Implementing Bus on Shoulder (BOS) Systems. 2012]</ref>. 10 feet seems to be the minimum width of shoulder accepted by agencies for use in bus on shoulder programs, with a 12-foot width recommended in Minnesota<ref>[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. 2007]</ref>, <ref>[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf Florida Department of Transportation. 2016]</ref>. In San Diego, shoulders were widened to 11 feet by narrowing the inside shoulder<ref>[ https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf Zuehlke, et. al. 2015]</ref>. The desired pavement thickness for a shoulder in the Twin Cities is 7 inches (capable of withstanding the bus’s weight)<ref>[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. 2007]</ref>.  The design of catch basins and rumble strips in the shoulders have been altered in the Twin Cities to accommodate a smoother bus ride<ref>[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf Douma, Frank. 2007]</ref>.
+In the United States, bus on shoulder programs typically restrict bus use of the shoulder to periods when the speed drops below a particular threshold (e.g. 35 miles per hour in the Twin Cities and Columbus, 25 miles per hour in Miami), and prevent busses from traveling more than 10 mph (San Diego) to 15 mph (Twin Cities) faster than the general-purpose lanes--up to the threshold speed of 35 mph<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TTkuHTXVuXkC&lpg=PA20&ots=buawRmj_J_&dq=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&lr&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&f=false Martin, P. C. Bus Use of Shoulders (Vol. 64). Transportation Research Board. 2006]</ref>, <ref>[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf Florida Department of Transportation. Implementing Bus on Shoulder in Florida. 2016]</ref>--, for safety purposes. The speed-based restrictions do not seem to apply in Ottawa, Canada where busses can use the lanes 24 hours a day<ref>[https://doi.org/10.17226/22809 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. A Guide for Implementing Bus on Shoulder (BOS) Systems. 2012]</ref>. 10 feet seems to be the minimum width of shoulder accepted by agencies for use in bus on shoulder programs, with a 12-foot width recommended in Minnesota<ref>[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. 2007]</ref>, <ref>[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf Florida Department of Transportation. 2016]</ref>. In San Diego, shoulders were widened to 11 feet by narrowing the inside shoulder
 == Benefits ==
-Despite the modest speed improvements they enable, bus on shoulder programs have improved on-time performance in the Twin Cities, San Diego and Miami<ref>[Zuehlke, et. al. 2015]</ref>. Riders, in particular, seem to perceive a significant time savings from the lanes (possibly a result of the effect of the bus moving quickly past congested lanes). Passengers in Ohio, San Diego and the Twin Cities have given positive feedback on the lanes<ref>[Zuehlke, et. al. 2015]</ref>. By making use of existing freeway infrastructure, bus on shoulder lanes have cost as little as $1,500 to $100,000 per lane mile to implement in the Twin Cities, a figure considerably less than adding a new lane (with an average cost of $2 million to $10 million per lane mile<ref>[https://mobility.tamu.edu/mip/strategies-pdfs/added-capacity/technical-summary/adding-new-lanes-or-roads-4-pg.pdf Texas A and M Mobility Institute. Adding New Lanes or Roads.]</ref>) or implementing a mixed-lane bus rapid transit systems (which cost $1 - $7 million per mile on average<ref>[https://nacto.org/docs/usdg/tcrp118brt_practitioners_kittleson.pdf Transportation Research Board. TCRP Report 118: Bus Rapid Transit Practitioner’s Guide. 2007]</ref>), with arguably greater effects on performance. In addition, bus-on-shoulder lanes in the Twin Cities might have improved the performance for bus services that don’t use the freeway by permitting the out-of-service busses to deadhead quickly<ref>[http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/pdf/10.3141/2111-02 Metaxatos, P., & Thakuriah, P. Planning for Bus-on-Shoulders Operations in Northeastern Illinois: A Survey of Stakeholders. 2009]</ref>.
+Despite the modest speed improvements they enable, bus on shoulder programs have improved on-time performance in the Twin Cities, San Diego and Miami<ref>[https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf Zuehlke, et. al. 2015]</ref>. Riders, in particular, seem to perceive a significant time savings from the lanes (possibly a result of the effect of the bus moving quickly past congested lanes). Passengers in Ohio, San Diego and the Twin Cities have given positive feedback on the lanes<ref>[https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf Zuehlke, et. al. 2015]</ref>. By making use of existing freeway infrastructure, bus on shoulder lanes have cost as little as $1,500 to $100,000 per lane mile to implement in the Twin Cities, a figure considerably less than adding a new lane (with an average cost of $2 million to $10 million per lane mile<ref>[https://mobility.tamu.edu/mip/strategies-pdfs/added-capacity/technical-summary/adding-new-lanes-or-roads-4-pg.pdf Texas A and M Mobility Institute. Adding New Lanes or Roads.]</ref>) or implementing a mixed-lane bus rapid transit systems (which cost $1 - $7 million per mile on average<ref>[https://nacto.org/docs/usdg/tcrp118brt_practitioners_kittleson.pdf Transportation Research Board. TCRP Report 118: Bus Rapid Transit Practitioner’s Guide. 2007]</ref>), with arguably greater effects on performance. In addition, bus-on-shoulder lanes in the Twin Cities might have improved the performance for bus services that don’t use the freeway by permitting the out-of-service busses to deadhead quickly<ref>[http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/pdf/10.3141/2111-02 Metaxatos, P., & Thakuriah, P. Planning for Bus-on-Shoulders Operations in Northeastern Illinois: A Survey of Stakeholders. 2009]</ref>.
 Another advantage of this strategy is improved access on and off a highway which can speed up passenger stops, especially for express-style service.
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 == Concerns ==
 ===Access Control===
-A successful bus-on-shoulder operation requires control of bus access to the shoulder when the flow of traffic falls below the speed threshold<ref>[http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/pdf/10.3141/2111-02 Metaxatos & Thakuriah. 2009]</ref>. Control of entry is needed both to signal to busses that it is okay to use the lane and to prevent cars from following busses into the lane<ref>[
+A successful bus-on-shoulder operation requires control of bus access to the shoulder when the flow of traffic falls below the speed threshold<ref>[http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/pdf/10.3141/2111-02 Metaxatos & Thakuriah. 2009]</ref>. Control of entry is needed both to signal to busses that it is okay to use the lane and to prevent cars from following busses into the lane                                                                      <ref>[http://www.its.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/volvocenter/blipeichlerthesis.pdf Eichler, M. D. Bus Lanes with Intermittent Priority: Assessment and Design . 2005]</ref>. Moreover, access should be limited, as in the Twin Cities, to licensed transit (or intercity bus) operators, to maximize the benefits to public transport<ref>[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf Douma 2007]</ref>. Dynamic, electronic road signs, that change their display to indicate when busses are allowed in the lanes, may help solve the problem<ref>[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf Florida Department of Transportation. 2016]</ref>.
 ===Safety===

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 Bus-on-shoulder operations, also known internationally as '''"bus bypass shoulder" (BBS)''' operations, are a low-cost strategy allowing buses to travel at or near free-flow speeds through congested arterial and freeway routes. BBS describes the routing of a bus onto the shoulder of a road, usually a highway, in lieu of the standard general-purpose lanes. BBS is a policy-based alternative to constructing dedicated right-of-way or restricting lane use to high-occupancy vehicles (HOV). The primary goal is to prioritize the reliable performance of public transit over capacity for single-occupant vehicles (SOV). It is typically used only where roadway congestion is severe enough that traveling on the shoulder improves on-time reliability and even decreases overall trip time.
-Currently, bus on shoulder programs have been implemented in 13 metropolitan areas in the United States, as well as in metropolitan areas in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland.  <ref>[https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf Zuehlke, et. al. 2015]</ref>. In the United States one of the most extensive networks of bus-only shoulders is found in Minnesota<ref>Minnesota Department of Transportation. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/bosupdate.pdf Bus-Only Shoulders - A Transit Advantage]. </ref>.
+Currently, bus on shoulder programs have been implemented in 13 metropolitan areas in the United States, as well as in metropolitan areas in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland<ref>[https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf Zuehlke, J., Kaba, F., McElduff, K., Ho, L. S., & Machemehl, R. PEAK PERIOD BUS USE OF FREEWAY SHOULDERS. 2015]</ref>. In the United States one of the most extensive networks of bus-only shoulders is found in Minnesota<ref>[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/bosupdate.pdf Minnesota Department of Transportation. Bus-Only Shoulders - A Transit Advantage]</ref>.
-In the United States, bus on shoulder programs typically restrict bus use of the shoulder to periods when the speed drops below a particular threshold (e.g. 35 miles per hour in the Twin Cities and Columbus, 25 miles per hour in Miami), and prevent busses from traveling more than 10 mph (San Diego) to 15 mph (Twin Cities) faster than the general-purpose lanes--up to the threshold speed of 35 mph <ref>Martin, P. C. Bus Use of Shoulders (Vol. 64). Transportation Research Board. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTkuHTXVuXkC&lpg=PA20&ots=buawRmj_J_&dq=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&lr&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&f=false] 2006</ref>, <ref>Florida Department of Transportation. Implementing Bus on Shoulder in Florida.[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf] 2016</ref>--, for safety purposes. The speed-based restrictions do not seem to apply in Ottawa, Canada where busses can use the lanes 24 hours a day<ref>[https://doi.org/10.17226/22809 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. A Guide for Implementing Bus on Shoulder (BOS) Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2012]</ref>. 10 feet seems to be the minimum width of shoulder accepted by agencies for use in bus on shoulder programs, with a 12-foot width recommended in Minnesota<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>, <ref>Florida Department of Transportation 2016</ref>. In San Diego, shoulders were widened to 11 feet by narrowing the inside shoulder<ref>Zuehlke, et. al. [https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf]. 2015</ref>. The desired pavement thickness for a shoulder in the Twin Cities is 7 inches (capable of withstanding the bus’s weight)<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>.  The design of catch basins and rumble strips in the shoulders have been altered in the Twin Cities to accommodate a smoother bus ride<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>.
+In the United States, bus on shoulder programs typically restrict bus use of the shoulder to periods when the speed drops below a particular threshold (e.g. 35 miles per hour in the Twin Cities and Columbus, 25 miles per hour in Miami), and prevent busses from traveling more than 10 mph (San Diego) to 15 mph (Twin Cities) faster than the general-purpose lanes--up to the threshold speed of 35 mph<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TTkuHTXVuXkC&lpg=PA20&ots=buawRmj_J_&dq=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&lr&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&f=false Martin, P. C. Bus Use of Shoulders (Vol. 64). Transportation Research Board. 2006]</ref>, <ref>[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf Florida Department of Transportation. Implementing Bus on Shoulder in Florida. 2016]</ref>--, for safety purposes. The speed-based restrictions do not seem to apply in Ottawa, Canada where busses can use the lanes 24 hours a day<ref>[https://doi.org/10.17226/22809 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. A Guide for Implementing Bus on Shoulder (BOS) Systems. 2012]</ref>. 10 feet seems to be the minimum width of shoulder accepted by agencies for use in bus on shoulder programs, with a 12-foot width recommended in Minnesota<ref>[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. 2007]</ref>, <ref>[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf Florida Department of Transportation. 2016]</ref>. In San Diego, shoulders were widened to 11 feet by narrowing the inside shoulder<ref>[ https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf Zuehlke, et. al. 2015]</ref>. The desired pavement thickness for a shoulder in the Twin Cities is 7 inches (capable of withstanding the bus’s weight)<ref>[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. 2007]</ref>.  The design of catch basins and rumble strips in the shoulders have been altered in the Twin Cities to accommodate a smoother bus ride<ref>[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf Douma, Frank. 2007]</ref>.
 == Benefits ==

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 Currently, bus on shoulder programs have been implemented in 13 metropolitan areas in the United States, as well as in metropolitan areas in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland.  <ref>[https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf Zuehlke, et. al. 2015]</ref>. In the United States one of the most extensive networks of bus-only shoulders is found in Minnesota<ref>Minnesota Department of Transportation. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/bosupdate.pdf Bus-Only Shoulders - A Transit Advantage]. </ref>.
-In the United States, bus on shoulder programs typically restrict bus use of the shoulder to periods when the speed drops below a particular threshold (e.g. 35 miles per hour in the Twin Cities and Columbus, 25 miles per hour in Miami), and prevent busses from traveling more than 10 mph (San Diego) to 15 mph (Twin Cities) faster than the general-purpose lanes--up to the threshold speed of 35 mph <ref>Martin, P. C. Bus Use of Shoulders (Vol. 64). Transportation Research Board. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTkuHTXVuXkC&lpg=PA20&ots=buawRmj_J_&dq=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&lr&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&f=false] 2006</ref>, <ref>Florida Department of Transportation. Implementing Bus on Shoulder in Florida.[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf] 2016</ref>--, for safety purposes. The speed-based restrictions do not seem to apply in Ottawa, Canada where busses can use the lanes 24 hours a day <ref>[https://doi.org/10.17226/22809 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. A Guide for Implementing Bus on Shoulder (BOS) Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2012]</ref>. 10 feet seems to be the minimum width of shoulder accepted by agencies for use in bus on shoulder programs, with a 12-foot width recommended in Minnesota<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>, <ref>Florida Department of Transportation 2016</ref>. In San Diego, shoulders were widened to 11 feet by narrowing the inside shoulder<ref>Zuehlke, et. al. [https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf]. 2015</ref>. The desired pavement thickness for a shoulder in the Twin Cities is 7 inches (capable of withstanding the bus’s weight)<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>.  The design of catch basins and rumble strips in the shoulders have been altered in the Twin Cities to accommodate a smoother bus ride<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>.
+In the United States, bus on shoulder programs typically restrict bus use of the shoulder to periods when the speed drops below a particular threshold (e.g. 35 miles per hour in the Twin Cities and Columbus, 25 miles per hour in Miami), and prevent busses from traveling more than 10 mph (San Diego) to 15 mph (Twin Cities) faster than the general-purpose lanes--up to the threshold speed of 35 mph <ref>Martin, P. C. Bus Use of Shoulders (Vol. 64). Transportation Research Board. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTkuHTXVuXkC&lpg=PA20&ots=buawRmj_J_&dq=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&lr&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&f=false] 2006</ref>, <ref>Florida Department of Transportation. Implementing Bus on Shoulder in Florida.[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf] 2016</ref>--, for safety purposes. The speed-based restrictions do not seem to apply in Ottawa, Canada where busses can use the lanes 24 hours a day<ref>[https://doi.org/10.17226/22809 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. A Guide for Implementing Bus on Shoulder (BOS) Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2012]</ref>. 10 feet seems to be the minimum width of shoulder accepted by agencies for use in bus on shoulder programs, with a 12-foot width recommended in Minnesota<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>, <ref>Florida Department of Transportation 2016</ref>. In San Diego, shoulders were widened to 11 feet by narrowing the inside shoulder<ref>Zuehlke, et. al. [https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf]. 2015</ref>. The desired pavement thickness for a shoulder in the Twin Cities is 7 inches (capable of withstanding the bus’s weight)<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>.  The design of catch basins and rumble strips in the shoulders have been altered in the Twin Cities to accommodate a smoother bus ride<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>.
 == Benefits ==
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 ===Intergovernmental Cooperation===
-More generally, intergovernmental cooperation is necessary for systems’ implementation in the United States given the separation of responsibility for road planning and transit operation (Weinstein Agrawal 2013). In previous instances, implementation required collaboration, at a minimum, between a metropolitan transit agency, the agency in charge of the road (often a State DOT) and an enforcement agency (e.g. in Minnesota (Douma 2007), Virginia (Martin 2006), Atlanta (National Academies 2012)). In San Diego, the collaboration has occurred between SANDAG (the Metropolitan Planning Organization) and Caltrans (National Academies 2012). In Minnesota, a collaborative partnership titled “Team Transit,” spearheaded by the Minnesota Department of Transportation and the regional transit authority, Metro Transit, and including city governments and the state highway patrol, has led the regional bus on shoulder project (Douma 2007). The Florida Department of Transportation’s Statewide Guidance for Bus on Shoulder Implementation recommends that transit agencies (who are knowledgeable about local service patterns) initiate bus on shoulder proposals and that the State Department of Transportation review (and approve) these proposals (FDOT 2016). However, the document assumes a piecemeal implementation process, by which each proposal results in the formation of a separate task force. A statewide bus-on-shoulder program should involve input from both local transit agencies and the State Department of Transportation, which may be best informed to determine alignments’ safety and feasibility, and requires a large-scale planning framework spearheaded the state agency, but that draws on input from all stakeholders.
+More generally, intergovernmental cooperation is necessary for systems’ implementation in the United States given the separation of responsibility for road planning and transit operation<ref>[http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jpt/vol16/iss4/2/ Agrawal, A. W., Goldman, T., & Hannaford, N. Shared-use bus priority lanes on city streets: approaches to access and enforcement. Journal of Public Transportation. 2013]</ref>. In previous instances, implementation required collaboration, at a minimum, between a metropolitan transit agency, the agency in charge of the road (often a State DOT) and an enforcement agency (e.g. in Minnesota<ref>[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf Douma 2007]</ref>, Virginia<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TTkuHTXVuXkC&lpg=PA20&ots=buawRmj_J_&dq=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&lr&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&f=false Martin, Peter C. "Bus Use of Shoulders." Transportation Research Board. 2006. ]</ref>, Atlanta<ref>[https://doi.org/10.17226/22809 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012]</ref>). In San Diego, the collaboration has occurred between SANDAG (the Metropolitan Planning Organization) and Caltrans<ref>[https://doi.org/10.17226/22809 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012]</ref>. In Minnesota, a collaborative partnership titled “Team Transit,” spearheaded by the Minnesota Department of Transportation and the regional transit authority, Metro Transit, and including city governments and the state highway patrol, has led the regional bus on shoulder project. The Florida Department of Transportation’s Statewide Guidance for Bus on Shoulder Implementation recommends that transit agencies (who are knowledgeable about local service patterns) initiate bus on shoulder proposals and that the State Department of Transportation review (and approve) these proposals<ref>[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf Florida Department of Transportation. 2016]</ref>. However, the document assumes a piecemeal implementation process, by which each proposal results in the formation of a separate task force. A statewide bus-on-shoulder program should involve input from both local transit agencies and the State Department of Transportation, which may be best informed to determine alignments’ safety and feasibility, and requires a large-scale planning framework spearheaded the state agency, but that draws on input from all stakeholders.
 == Applications in California ==
 A November 2006 newsletter produced by the San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG) noted that the San Diego Metropolitan Transportation System (SDMTS) Route 960 had been operating a 10-month trial of bus-on-shoulder service. Benefits of the project were 99% on-time performance, high customer satisfaction, and measurable time-savings for commuters. No accidents had been observed in the BBS portion of the service at the time<ref>SANDAG. the rEgion Newsletter. [http://www.sandag.org/enewsletter/archives/november2006/feature_1.html "Buses on shoulders - a smooth ride"] November 2006</ref>. At the time of this writing, that project had concluded and was discontinued due to new construction on the highway. According to information on [http://www.sandag.org/ the SANDAG website], no other BBS service is operating currently, but SANDAG and SDMTS are working to develop a new BBS service elsewhere.
-Outside of urban areas, California has several freeway corridors with at least 6 long-distance bus services a day that are subject to regular congestion. These include I-15 from the Cajon Pass to the Nevada State Boundary and I-5 from Irvine to San Diego. Designating shoulder use for bus services on these routes can help reduce travel time and increase ridership on intercity bus service from Los Angeles to Las Vegas, Los Angeles to San Diego, and San Francisco and Sacramento. A precedent for intercity bus use of highway shoulders can be found in Ireland, where the long-haul bus operator, Bus Eireann, can use shoulders on highways approaching Dublin (Independent 2004). Given the needed for unimpeded travel over a long-distance, use of the left shoulders would be preferable on these routes. With these considerations in mind, we make the following recommendations.
+Outside of urban areas, California has several freeway corridors with at least 6 long-distance bus services a day that are subject to regular congestion. These include Interstate 15 from the Cajon Pass to the Nevada State Boundary and Interstate 5 from Irvine to San Diego. Designating shoulder use for bus services on these routes can help reduce travel time and increase ridership on intercity bus service from Los Angeles to Las Vegas<ref>[https://www.wanderu.com/en/depart/Los%20Angeles%2C%20CA%2C%20United%20States/Las%20Vegas%2C%20NV%2C%20United%20States/2017-09-07 Wanderu.com search. September 6, 2017]</ref> and from Los Angeles to San Diego<ref>[https://www.wanderu.com/en/depart/Los%20Angeles%2C%20CA%2C%20United%20States/San%20Diego%2C%20CA%2C%20United%20States/2017-09-07 Wanderu.com search. September 6, 2017]</ref>. A precedent for intercity bus use of highway shoulders can be found in Ireland, where the long-haul bus operator, Bus Eireann, can use shoulders on highways approaching Dublin<ref>[http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/buses-can-use-hard-shoulder-to-beat-20m-delays-25890429.html Hogan, Tracey. "Buses can use hard shoulder to beat 20 m delays." Independent.Ie. December 29, 2004.]</ref>. Given the needed for unimpeded travel over a long-distance, use of the left shoulders would be preferable on these routes.
 == References ==
 <references />
 [[Category:Operating effectiveness]]

@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 However, the bus-on-shoulder program in the Twin Cities, the longest-running program, has had a good safety record, with only 20 accidents--none involving fatalities--occurring in the first decade of the lanes’ implementation<ref>[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf Douma 2007]</ref>. Conflicts with merging traffic on the right shoulder can be averted through ramp metering technology (as done in Vancouver<ref>[https://bctransit.com/servlet/documents/1403640670226 BC Transit. Infrastructure Design Guidelines. January 2010.]</ref>) or by permitting use of the right shoulder only where the bus makes frequent exits and/or on- or off-ramps occur infrequently<ref>[http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/pdf/10.3141/2111-02 Metaxatos & Thakuriah. 2009]</ref>. The only bus-on-shoulder program in the US to encounter a major accident, along a segment of Route 9 in Middlesex County, New Jersey, lacked special speed restrictions (busses could travel at the normal maximum speed), suggesting the importance of the 15 mile per hour limit on the speed differential (and a lower maximum speed limit) for safe operation<ref>[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf Florida Department of Transportation. 2016]</ref>.
-In cold climates, the shoulder may be essential for snow storage if it cannot be cleared beyond the paved surface, diminishing the practicality of the bus-on-shoulder service..
+In cold climates, the shoulder may be essential for snow storage if it cannot be cleared beyond the paved surface, diminishing the practicality of the bus-on-shoulder service.
 ===Intergovernmental Cooperation===

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 Currently, bus on shoulder programs have been implemented in 13 metropolitan areas in the United States, as well as in metropolitan areas in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland.  <ref>[https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf Zuehlke, et. al. 2015]</ref>. In the United States one of the most extensive networks of bus-only shoulders is found in Minnesota<ref>Minnesota Department of Transportation. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/bosupdate.pdf Bus-Only Shoulders - A Transit Advantage]. </ref>.
-In the United States, bus on shoulder programs typically restrict bus use of the shoulder to periods when the speed drops below a particular threshold (e.g. 35 miles per hour in the Twin Cities and Columbus, 25 miles per hour in Miami), and prevent busses from traveling more than 10 mph (San Diego) to 15 mph (Twin Cities) faster than the general-purpose lanes--up to the threshold speed of 35 mph <ref> Martin, P. C. Bus Use of Shoulders (Vol. 64). Transportation Research Board. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTkuHTXVuXkC&lpg=PA20&ots=buawRmj_J_&dq=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&lr&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&f=false] 2006</ref>, <ref>Florida Department of Transportation. Implementing Bus on Shoulder in Florida.[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf] 2016</ref>--, for safety purposes. The speed-based restrictions do not seem to apply in Ottawa, Canada where busses can use the lanes 24 hours a day <ref>[https://doi.org/10.17226/22809 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. A Guide for Implementing Bus on Shoulder (BOS) Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2012]</ref>. 10 feet seems to be the minimum width of shoulder accepted by agencies for use in bus on shoulder programs, with a 12-foot width recommended in Minnesota<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>, <ref>Florida Department of Transportation 2016</ref>. In San Diego, shoulders were widened to 11 feet by narrowing the inside shoulder<ref>Zuehlke, et. al. [https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf]. 2015</ref>. The desired pavement thickness for a shoulder in the Twin Cities is 7 inches (capable of withstanding the bus’s weight)<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>.  The design of catch basins and rumble strips in the shoulders have been altered in the Twin Cities to accommodate a smoother bus ride<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>.
+In the United States, bus on shoulder programs typically restrict bus use of the shoulder to periods when the speed drops below a particular threshold (e.g. 35 miles per hour in the Twin Cities and Columbus, 25 miles per hour in Miami), and prevent busses from traveling more than 10 mph (San Diego) to 15 mph (Twin Cities) faster than the general-purpose lanes--up to the threshold speed of 35 mph <ref>Martin, P. C. Bus Use of Shoulders (Vol. 64). Transportation Research Board. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTkuHTXVuXkC&lpg=PA20&ots=buawRmj_J_&dq=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&lr&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&f=false] 2006</ref>, <ref>Florida Department of Transportation. Implementing Bus on Shoulder in Florida.[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf] 2016</ref>--, for safety purposes. The speed-based restrictions do not seem to apply in Ottawa, Canada where busses can use the lanes 24 hours a day <ref>[https://doi.org/10.17226/22809 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. A Guide for Implementing Bus on Shoulder (BOS) Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2012]</ref>. 10 feet seems to be the minimum width of shoulder accepted by agencies for use in bus on shoulder programs, with a 12-foot width recommended in Minnesota<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>, <ref>Florida Department of Transportation 2016</ref>. In San Diego, shoulders were widened to 11 feet by narrowing the inside shoulder<ref>Zuehlke, et. al. [https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf]. 2015</ref>. The desired pavement thickness for a shoulder in the Twin Cities is 7 inches (capable of withstanding the bus’s weight)<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>.  The design of catch basins and rumble strips in the shoulders have been altered in the Twin Cities to accommodate a smoother bus ride<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>.
 == Benefits ==
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 However, the bus-on-shoulder program in the Twin Cities, the longest-running program, has had a good safety record, with only 20 accidents--none involving fatalities--occurring in the first decade of the lanes’ implementation<ref>[http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf Douma 2007]</ref>. Conflicts with merging traffic on the right shoulder can be averted through ramp metering technology (as done in Vancouver<ref>[https://bctransit.com/servlet/documents/1403640670226 BC Transit. Infrastructure Design Guidelines. January 2010.]</ref>) or by permitting use of the right shoulder only where the bus makes frequent exits and/or on- or off-ramps occur infrequently<ref>[http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/pdf/10.3141/2111-02 Metaxatos & Thakuriah. 2009]</ref>. The only bus-on-shoulder program in the US to encounter a major accident, along a segment of Route 9 in Middlesex County, New Jersey, lacked special speed restrictions (busses could travel at the normal maximum speed), suggesting the importance of the 15 mile per hour limit on the speed differential (and a lower maximum speed limit) for safe operation<ref>[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf Florida Department of Transportation. 2016]</ref>.
-In cold climates, the shoulder may be essential for snow storage if it cannot be cleared beyond the paved surface, diminishing the practicality of the bus-on-shoulder service.
+In cold climates, the shoulder may be essential for snow storage if it cannot be cleared beyond the paved surface, diminishing the practicality of the bus-on-shoulder service..
 ===Intergovernmental Cooperation===

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:53, 31 August 2017
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	Currently, bus on shoulder programs have been implemented in 13 metropolitan areas in the United States, as well as in metropolitan areas in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland. <ref>Zuehlke, et. al. [https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf]. 2015</ref>. In the United States one of the most extensive networks of bus-only shoulders is found in Minnesota<ref>Minnesota Department of Transportation. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/bosupdate.pdf Bus-Only Shoulders - A Transit Advantage]. </ref>.		Currently, bus on shoulder programs have been implemented in 13 metropolitan areas in the United States, as well as in metropolitan areas in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland. <ref>Zuehlke, et. al. [https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf]. 2015</ref>. In the United States one of the most extensive networks of bus-only shoulders is found in Minnesota<ref>Minnesota Department of Transportation. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/bosupdate.pdf Bus-Only Shoulders - A Transit Advantage]. </ref>.
		+
		+	In the United States, bus on shoulder programs typically restrict bus use of the shoulder to periods when the speed drops below a particular threshold (e.g. 35 miles per hour in the Twin Cities and Columbus, 25 miles per hour in Miami), and prevent busses from traveling more than 10 mph (San Diego) to 15 mph (Twin Cities) faster than the general-purpose lanes--up to the threshold speed of 35 mph <ref> Martin, P. C. Bus Use of Shoulders (Vol. 64). Transportation Research Board. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTkuHTXVuXkC&lpg=PA20&ots=buawRmj_J_&dq=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&lr&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=bus%20on%20shoulder%20transit%20agency%20coordination&f=false] 2006</ref>, <ref>Florida Department of Transportation. Implementing Bus on Shoulder in Florida.[http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/Bus_on_shoulders_Guidance_013117.pdf] 2016</ref>--, for safety purposes. The speed-based restrictions do not seem to apply in Ottawa, Canada where busses can use the lanes 24 hours a day <ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. A Guide for Implementing Bus on Shoulder (BOS) Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. [https://doi.org/10.17226/22809] 2012</ref>. 10 feet seems to be the minimum width of shoulder accepted by agencies for use in bus on shoulder programs, with a 12-foot width recommended in Minnesota<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>, <ref>Florida Department of Transportation 2016</ref>. In San Diego, shoulders were widened to 11 feet by narrowing the inside shoulder<ref>Zuehlke, et. al. [https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/iac/bus_use_frwy_shoulders_201506.pdf]. 2015</ref>. The desired pavement thickness for a shoulder in the Twin Cities is 7 inches (capable of withstanding the bus’s weight)<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>. The design of catch basins and rumble strips in the shoulders have been altered in the Twin Cities to accommodate a smoother bus ride<ref>Douma, Frank. “Bus-Only Shoulders in the Twin Cities.” Minnesota case study. [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/metro/teamtransit/pdf/Bus-Only-Shoulders-Report.pdf] 2007</ref>.

	== Benefits ==		== Benefits ==