TransitWiki - User contributions [en]

TransitWiki:Ridership Visualization

2020-08-12T01:12:48Z

Edasmalchi: Updated with June 2020 NTD data

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Data Sources: Unlinked Passenger Trips (UPT), Vehicle Revenue Hours (VRH) from Federal Transit Administration National Transit Database (NTD) June 2020 monthly adjusted data release, aggregated by urban area. Urban area population data updated annually from US Census American Community Survey (ACS) 1-yr estimates, except for urban areas less than about 65,000 people for which ACS 5-yr estimates were used. Population estimates extrapolated to current year by linear regression.

TransitWiki:Ridership Visualization

2020-07-27T20:56:55Z

Edasmalchi: Updated with May 2020 NTD data

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Data Sources: Unlinked Passenger Trips (UPT), Vehicle Revenue Hours (VRH) from Federal Transit Administration National Transit Database (NTD) May 2020 monthly adjusted data release, aggregated by urban area. Urban area population data updated annually from US Census American Community Survey (ACS) 1-yr estimates, except for urban areas less than about 65,000 people for which ACS 5-yr estimates were used. Population estimates extrapolated to current year by linear regression.

TransitWiki:Ridership Visualization

2020-06-08T22:29:33Z

Edasmalchi: Updated with April 2020 NTD data

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Data Sources: Unlinked Passenger Trips (UPT), Vehicle Revenue Hours (VRH) from Federal Transit Administration National Transit Database (NTD) April 2020 monthly adjusted data release, aggregated by urban area. Urban area population data updated annually from US Census American Community Survey (ACS) 1-yr estimates, except for urban areas less than about 65,000 people for which ACS 5-yr estimates were used. Population estimates extrapolated to current year by linear regression.

Automated passenger counter

2020-05-23T00:09:50Z

Edasmalchi: added COVID-19 category tag

[[File:APCdiagram.jpg|thumbnail|right|The Automatic Passenger Counter tracks passengers entering and exiting transit vehicles.]]

{{Stub}}
== Introduction ==
An '''Automated Passenger Counter (APC)''' is an electronic device available for installation on transit vehicles including buses and rail vehicles which accurately records boarding and alighting data. This technology can improve the accuracy and reliability of tracking transit ridership over traditional methods of manual accounting by drivers or estimation through random surveying. These devices are becoming more common among American transit operators seeking to improve the accuracy of reporting patronage as well as analyzing transit use patterns by linking boarding and alighting data with stop or station location.

== Technology ==
One way APCs work is by using infrared lights above the doorways to a vehicle. A set of invisible (to the human eye) beams of infrared light shine down, spaced so that the order in which the beam is broken by a person determines if they are entering or exiting the vehicle. Except in extreme crush-loads the accuracy of this technology is quite high.

Alternatively, CCTV cameras can be used together with intelligent people counters to log numbers of people getting on and off at each stop or station. These video passenger counting systems can be over 98% accurate.<ref>[http://www.retailsensing.com/automated-passenger-counting.html Automatically Counting Passengers], Retail Sensing, Retrieved 5 October 2015</ref>

With CCTV counting, operators can verify that the system is counting properly simply by watching the video back - this shows people getting on and off the vehicle together with the increasing counts.

The APC computer can also integrate with an on-board GPS system to link passenger data to vehicle location. This provides a wealth of data for agencies to analyze about the utilization of the system based on location, direction of travel, and time.

Like many other [[Mobile data terminal|data-collection applications]] on board transit vehicles, the information can be transmitted wirelessly to a server when a bus is garaged for the day, may need to be downloaded through a physical connection, or could be uploaded in [[Real-time information|real time]].

== Applications ==
The use of APCs is beneficial for transit service planning as well as accuracy of reporting. APCs can be especially helpful in high passenger volume applications such as subway and light rail or [[Bus rapid transit|Bus Rapid Transit]]. APCs can be crucial in allowing all-door boarding on buses for gathering accurate patronage data and comparing that data to fare revenues.

=== Use in California ===
It is likely that most large transit agencies in California are already utilizing APC technology. [http://www.metro.net/projects/atms/ Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro)] has incorporated this technology in their fleet.

[[File:modestocrowding.png|thumbnail|right|Screenshot from Transit App showing real-time vehicle crowding data in Modesto, CA. ]]

=== Real-time Crowding Information ===
APCs provide the foundation for providing real-time information on vehicle crowding to transit riders. This is especially important during the COVID-19 pandemic, since crowded vehicles can present a public health hazard. If crowding information is available in real time, riders can elect to wait for the next vehicle if it is coming soon and less crowded, as detailed in this [https://medium.com/transit-app/you-can-avoid-crowds-on-public-transit-with-new-real-time-crowding-info-b61e60f5502 article] from the folks at [[The Transit App]]. In conjunction with agency efforts to adjust service, this information can keep transit riders safer and more informed in 2020 and beyond. [http://www.modestoareaexpress.com/ Modesto Area Express] is an example of a transit agency offering this information in California.

== Further Reading ==
National Center for Transit Research. [http://www.nctr.usf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/77803.pdf "A Guidebook for Using Automatic Passenger Counter Data for National Transit Database (NTD)Reporting"] 2010.

Transit Cooperative Research Program. TCRP Synthesis 77 [http://www.tcrponline.org/PDFDocuments/tsyn77.pdf "Passenger Counting Systems."] 2008

[[Category:Bus rapid transit]]
[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:COVID-19]]
<references />

2020-04-24T02:47:47Z

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2020-01-22T00:39:44Z

Edasmalchi: Blanked the page

MediaWiki:Email-blacklist

2020-01-21T22:14:28Z

Edasmalchi:

MediaWiki:Email-blacklist

2020-01-10T00:35:08Z

Edasmalchi: Temporarily blocking .com addresses...

Edasmalchi: /* Overview of Mobile Ticketing Platforms */

==Introduction==
Fare payment systems represent a potential barrier for customers considering transit. Cash fares generally require customers to have exact change. Regional smart card systems are powerful, but they still require customers to acquire a physical card that may not be conveniently available. These barriers are perhaps more acute for visitors to a region, who may not be familiar with local transit services and the payment methods accepted.

Offering mobile ticketing can help reduce these barriers, especially as we seek to enable seamless, integrated travel both within and across regions. Leveraging the smartphones most people already carry, mobile ticketing technologies offer a convenient method of fare payment to users, at a modest cost to transit agencies.
==Implementing Mobile Ticketing==
===Comparison of Technologies===
====Barcode====
Barcode mobile ticketing systems display the ticket as a 2-dimensional barcode, which can be scanned by fare inspectors or at faregates. New Jersey Transit's mobile ticketing platform uses this technology<ref name=":8">Florida Department of Transportation (2016). “Assessment of Mobile Fare Payment Technology for Future Deployment in Florida.” [http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/FinalReportMobileFarePayment20160331.pdf]</ref>. Although barcode validation traditionally required specialized machinery, mobile validation applications developed by Masabi<ref>“Inspect Validation Suite.” Masabi.com. [http://www.masabi.com/inspect-validation-suite/]</ref> and moovel<ref>North American Products.” Moovel. [https://www.moovel-transit.com/en/na]</ref> allow validation using smartphones. Barcode validators can also be attached to electronic bus fareboxes and transit station turnstiles<ref name=":1" />. Limited wireless connectivity and poor lighting can impede processing of barcodes, delaying boarding on high volume transit routes<ref name=":8" />.
====Flash Pass/Visual Verification====
[[File:Flashpass.png|300px|thumb|right|Example of a flash pass mobile ticket.]]
Flash pass, or visual verification, tickets are activated by the customer when beginning a trip and displayed to the fare inspector. One of the simplest mobile ticketing technologies, they are currently used by the Los Angeles Department of Transportation, San Francisco Muni, and several other agencies. One drawback is that flash passes provide agencies with limited data on passenger boarding compared to other forms of mobile payment<ref name=":8" />.
====Near Field Communication====
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a technology that stores financial data on a secure microprocessor chip (or “secure element”) embedded in certain smart phone models<ref name=":11">Smart Card Alliance Transportation Council. “Near Field Communication (NFC) and Transit: Applications, Technology and Implementation Considerations.” February 2012. [https://www.securetechalliance.org/resources/pdf/NFC_and_Transit_WP_20120201.pdf]</ref>. The chip transmits data at short range using radio waves,<ref>Gordon, Scott Adam. “What is NFC and how does it work on an Android?” AndroidPit.com. [https://www.androidpit.com/what-is-nfc]</ref> communicating with devices that read smart cards meeting ISO standard 14443<ref name=":11" />, as well as with other NFC-enabled mobile devices<ref name=":12">Leal, Joao Pedro Santos Reis. Ticket Validation in Public Transportation Using the Smartphone. June 2015. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5a3f/addb00a4731470eb0401b8b531d57e02fffc.pdf]</ref>. Payment typically requires a designated payment application like Android Pay or Apple Pay, and the processing of payments relies on an interchange of data between the mobile payment application, secure microprocessor, transaction processor (the fare validator) and application acceptor (the “merchant,” in this case, the transit agency)<ref name=":11" />. Riders can tap their phones to an NFC-enabled kiosk to download a fare product onto a particular payment application, then tap the phone directly to a ISO 14443-standard fare validator to “pay” the ticket from the application (as with a smart card)<ref name=":11" />. The phone-to-phone transfer of data permitted by NFC technology also allows for NFC-enabled phones to validate fares stored in the Secure Element of other NFC phones in situations (like on city buses) where no ISO 14443-standard validators are available<ref name=":12" />. Many implementations of NFC do not require riders to first visit a kiosk, accepting payments from applications like Apple Pay directly at the faregate (cite/NYC?).
====Bluetooth Low-Energy====
The third mobile payment method involves the use of low-energy Bluetooth technology. Bluetooth low-energy “beacons”, powered by USB or battery, emit low-power wireless signals<ref>Bluetooth. “How it works.” [https://www.bluetooth.com/what-is-bluetooth-technology/how-it-works]</ref> that can detect and communicate with any smartphone equipped with the technology that comes within a certain distance of the beacon. Bluetooth Low-energy utilizes less power than traditional bluetooth technology, allowing it to operate continuously<ref name=":8" />. Transit agencies could equip the entrances to their vehicles with Bluetooth Low-energy beacons programmed to “read” value on the mobile accounts of oncoming passengers, deducting a fare without requiring passengers to remove their phones<ref name=":8" />.

Bluetooth Low-energy technology appears to be more widespread than Near Field Communication, available on all apple operating systems of iOS 7 or higher and on Android operating systems more advanced than Android 4.3<ref>Bluetooth Low Energy: Introduction. [https://learn.adafruit.com/introduction-to-bluetooth-low-energy/introduction]</ref>. Although no large-scale deployments of the technology for transit payment have been conducted to date<ref name=":12" />, pilot programs have demonstrated the technology's feasibility.

In 2017, Bytetoken (the UK division of Bytemark) tested a “KeyPass” system which utilized Bluetooth Low-Energy as well as cameras to create a new faregate that may be suited for mobility impaired or frequent travelers. The KeyPass system used a 3-D camera to track passengers’ movement and detect their physical characteristics, allowing the system to associate mobile tickets with specific passengers and open the fare gates for these passengers long enough to enable their entry <ref name = pilot>Railway Gazette UK. “Bluetooth-enabled ticket gates demonstrated.” [http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/bluetooth-enabled-ticket-gates-demonstrated.html]</ref>.

====SMS-based====
A final form of mobile ticketing makes use of the phone’s Short Message Service (SMS) function. Riders can send a pre-determined code or phrase (representing a certain transit fare type) as a text message to a designated number, prompting a response showing the ticket fare (or zone) and travel details, often including an identification code. Rather than billing the customer directly, the transit agency charges the customer’s mobile service provider, which then passes on the fare cost to the customer as part of their messaging fees<ref name=":15" />.

One variation on SMS technology uses Multi-media Messaging to send passengers a two dimensional barcode after they text their ticket request<ref>World Bank. "SMS or barcode on Smartphone." [https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/Toolkits/ITS%20Toolkit%20content/its-technologies/electronic-fare-collection/sms-or-bar-code-on-smart-phone.html]</ref>. Token Transit, a North American company whose mobile platform is used by several California transit agencies (including Kern County Transit, Omnitrans and Santa Monica Big Blue Bus) has a ticketing window on their website that allows riders to pay for transit passes online and send the pass to their phone via SMS message<ref name=":9" />.

Basic SMS-based ticketing systems work with any mobile device (not just smartphones) and do not require possession of a credit card. The simplicity and speed of the purchasing process (with no upfront billing required) may make this form of payment more amenable to customers than a mobile application for which one has to register<ref name=":15">Juntunen A., Luukkainen, S., & Tuunainen, V. K. (2010, June). Deploying NFC technology for mobile ticketing services–identification of critical business model issues. In Mobile Business and 2010 Ninth Global Mobility Roundtable (ICMB-GMR), 2010 Ninth International Conference on (pp. 82-90). IEEE. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5494785/#full-text-section]</ref>. Unfortunately, past deployments of SMS ticketing in Stockholm, Helsinki and Denmark<ref>Fynbus. "Enkeltrejser" (Translation: Single Tickets). [https://www.fynbus.dk/enkeltrejser]</ref> could only be used for purchases of single fares (as opposed to passes), because of the messages’ limited functionality. The billing of mobile companies, rather than individuals, impedes employer-based fare payment and excludes riders who do not subscribe to an approved service provider<ref name=":15" />. The technology’s use of mobile billing also requires transit agencies to enter into partnerships with mobile providers<ref>Polite (Policy Learning in Information Technologies for Transportation Enhancement). “Analysis and Reporting of Best Practices.” [https://www.tsi.lv/sites/default/files/editor/science/Research_reports/polite_activity_3_2b_v0_23.pdf]</ref>. Finally, basic SMS tickets lack secure encryption<ref>Ferreira, Galvo Dias and Cunha. “Design and Evaluation of a Mobile Payment System for Public Transport: The MobiPag Prototype.” 2014.[https://www.thinkmind.org/download.php?articleid=mobility_2014_3_50_70071]</ref>. SMS ticketing that involves use of a barcode ticket is more secure, but requires possession of a smartphone.

Possibly due to these drawbacks as well as the increased prevalence of smartphones, cities such as Helsinki and Stockholm have recently withdrawn their SMS ticketing platforms<ref>“Fares and Tickets.” SL. [http://sl.se/en/fares--tickets/]</ref><ref name=":13">Helsingin Sendun Liikinne. “Tickets and Fares: SMS Ticket.” HSL/HRT. [https://www.hsl.fi/en/tickets-and-fares/sms-ticket]</ref>.

=== Overview of Mobile Ticketing Platforms ===
The following table lists some of the major companies involved in the mobile ticketing industry, with information on their platforms and the technologies and uses these platforms support.
{| class="wikitable"
!Company
!Product name
!Components
!Supported technologies
!Validation Technologies
!Auxiliary Functions
!Transit Systems
|-
|Bytemark<ref>Bytemark. [https://www.bytemark.co]</ref>
|
|
* Mobile Ticket application
* Merchant Back Office
* Validators
|
* Visual Verification
* QR-code
* NFC
|
* Merchant Mobile app (Smartphone-based)
* Hardware validators (stand-alone)
|
* Trip planning
* Scheduling/Route Maps
* Advisory Alerts
|
* New York Waterway<ref>Gilkyson, Blair. NYC Ferry Launches New Midtown to Astoria Route. 2017. [https://www.bytemark.co/news/2017/08/29/nyc-ferry-launches-new-astoria-route]</ref>.
* Toronto Transit commission<ref>Mobile Payments Today. "Mobile Ticketing Comes to Toronto's Transit System. Jul 13, 2015. [https://www.mobilepaymentstoday.com/news/mobile-ticketing-comes-to-torontos-transit-system/]</ref>
|-
|Masabi
|JustRide<ref>Masabi. JustRide Platform. [http://www.masabi.com/justride-mobile-ticketing/]</ref>
|
* mTicketing app
* Hub (cloud-based back office)
* Inspect Validation Suite
|
* Visual Verification<ref name=":0">Masabi. "JustRide mTicketing App." [http://www.masabi.com/justride-app/]</ref>
* Barcode<ref name=":0" />
|
* Inspect app (Smartphone)<ref name=":1">Masabi. "JustRide Inspect Validation Suite." [http://www.masabi.com/inspect-validation-suite/]</ref>
* Inspect validator (stand-alone)<ref name=":1" />
* Inspect Gateline (attaches to existing fare gates)<ref name=":1" />
|
* Trip planning
* Service Alerts
|
* Sonoma-Marin Rail Transit<ref>Apple Store. Smart eTickets [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/smart-etickets/id1259298886?mt=8]</ref>
* Metrolink<ref name=":2">Masabi. "Customers." http://www.masabi.com/customer-deployments/</ref>
* Santa Clara VTA<ref name=":2" />
|-
|moovel
|
|
* RiderApp (Mobile)<ref name=":3">“North American Products.” Moovel.[https://www.moovel-transit.com/en/na]</ref>
* RiderWeb (website)<ref name=":3" />
* InspectorApp, Fare Connect. <ref name=":3" />
* TOMS (Back Office)<ref name=":3" />
|
* Barcode (QR-code and Aztec)<ref name=":4">Sandler, Emma. "moovel’s Latest Tech Brings Company Closer to Dominating Future Transit Payments." June 19, 2017. [http://mobilityfinance.net/moovels-latest-tech-brings-company-closer-to-dominating-future-transit-payments/]</ref>
* NFC<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
* Bluetooth<ref name=":4" />
|
* Inspect app (smartphone: validate barcodes and NFC)<ref name=":3" />.
* FareConnect (hardware agnostic: integrated into existing hardware)<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|
* RideTap (ridesourcing, carshare and bikeshare)<ref name=":3" /><ref>[http://news.trimet.org/2016/05/trimet-tickets-app-now-helps-riders-connect-to-other-transportation-options/]</ref>
|
* Orange County Transportation Authority<ref>Bucher, Maile. "moovel Introduces Fare Connect a Contactless Fare System." July 24,2017. MassTransit Mag. [http://www.masstransitmag.com/article/12353872/moovel-introduces-fare-connect-a-contactless-fare-system]</ref>
* Portland TriMet<ref>Globe Sherpa, predecessor. See. Tavila, Elisa. Transit Mobile Payments: Driving Consumer Experience and Adoption. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. February 2015.</ref>
|-
|Passport
|
|
* Integrated Mobile Travel app<ref name=":5">Passport Products: Transit. [https://passportinc.com/transit/]</ref>
|
* Visual Verification<ref>Charlotte Agenda. “Mobile Ticketing for the Light Rail is Finally Here.” [https://www.charlotteagenda.com/99363/mobile-ticketing-light-rail-finally/]</ref>
* QR-code<ref name=":5" />
|
* Visual Verification inspection<ref name=":5" />
|
* Trip planning<ref name=":5" />
* Real-time tracking<ref name=":5" />
|
* Sacramento RTC<ref name=":6">Passport. “Who We Serve.” [https://passportinc.com/transit-agencies/]</ref>
* UTA<ref name=":6" />
|-
|Token Transit
|
|
* Ticketing application<ref name=":7">"Token Transit." [https://www.tokentransit.com/]</ref>
|
* Visual Verification <ref name=":7" />
|
* Visual Verification inspection<ref name=":7" />
|
|
* Santa Monica Big Blue Bus<ref name=":9">Token Transit. "Send a Pass." [https://www.tokentransit.com/send]</ref>
|}

==Benefits of Mobile Ticketing==
===Integration with Trip Planning Applications===
===Convenience for Visitors===
==Challenges of Mobile Ticketing==
===Regional Integration===
===Access and Equity===

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Technology]]

Mobile ticketing

2019-12-04T00:22:29Z

Edasmalchi: /* SMS-based */

==Introduction==
Fare payment systems represent a potential barrier for customers considering transit. Cash fares generally require customers to have exact change. Regional smart card systems are powerful, but they still require customers to acquire a physical card that may not be conveniently available. These barriers are perhaps more acute for visitors to a region, who may not be familiar with local transit services and the payment methods accepted.

Offering mobile ticketing can help reduce these barriers, especially as we seek to enable seamless, integrated travel both within and across regions. Leveraging the smartphones most people already carry, mobile ticketing technologies offer a convenient method of fare payment to users, at a modest cost to transit agencies.
==Implementing Mobile Ticketing==
===Comparison of Technologies===
====Barcode====
Barcode mobile ticketing systems display the ticket as a 2-dimensional barcode, which can be scanned by fare inspectors or at faregates. New Jersey Transit's mobile ticketing platform uses this technology<ref name=":8">Florida Department of Transportation (2016). “Assessment of Mobile Fare Payment Technology for Future Deployment in Florida.” [http://www.fdot.gov/transit/Pages/FinalReportMobileFarePayment20160331.pdf]</ref>. Although barcode validation traditionally required specialized machinery, mobile validation applications developed by Masabi<ref>“Inspect Validation Suite.” Masabi.com. [http://www.masabi.com/inspect-validation-suite/]</ref> and moovel<ref>North American Products.” Moovel. [https://www.moovel-transit.com/en/na]</ref> allow validation using smartphones. Barcode validators can also be attached to electronic bus fareboxes and transit station turnstiles<ref name=":1" />. Limited wireless connectivity and poor lighting can impede processing of barcodes, delaying boarding on high volume transit routes<ref name=":8" />.
====Flash Pass/Visual Verification====
[[File:Flashpass.png|300px|thumb|right|Example of a flash pass mobile ticket.]]
Flash pass, or visual verification, tickets are activated by the customer when beginning a trip and displayed to the fare inspector. One of the simplest mobile ticketing technologies, they are currently used by the Los Angeles Department of Transportation, San Francisco Muni, and several other agencies. One drawback is that flash passes provide agencies with limited data on passenger boarding compared to other forms of mobile payment<ref name=":8" />.
====Near Field Communication====
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a technology that stores financial data on a secure microprocessor chip (or “secure element”) embedded in certain smart phone models<ref name=":11">Smart Card Alliance Transportation Council. “Near Field Communication (NFC) and Transit: Applications, Technology and Implementation Considerations.” February 2012. [https://www.securetechalliance.org/resources/pdf/NFC_and_Transit_WP_20120201.pdf]</ref>. The chip transmits data at short range using radio waves,<ref>Gordon, Scott Adam. “What is NFC and how does it work on an Android?” AndroidPit.com. [https://www.androidpit.com/what-is-nfc]</ref> communicating with devices that read smart cards meeting ISO standard 14443<ref name=":11" />, as well as with other NFC-enabled mobile devices<ref name=":12">Leal, Joao Pedro Santos Reis. Ticket Validation in Public Transportation Using the Smartphone. June 2015. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5a3f/addb00a4731470eb0401b8b531d57e02fffc.pdf]</ref>. Payment typically requires a designated payment application like Android Pay or Apple Pay, and the processing of payments relies on an interchange of data between the mobile payment application, secure microprocessor, transaction processor (the fare validator) and application acceptor (the “merchant,” in this case, the transit agency)<ref name=":11" />. Riders can tap their phones to an NFC-enabled kiosk to download a fare product onto a particular payment application, then tap the phone directly to a ISO 14443-standard fare validator to “pay” the ticket from the application (as with a smart card)<ref name=":11" />. The phone-to-phone transfer of data permitted by NFC technology also allows for NFC-enabled phones to validate fares stored in the Secure Element of other NFC phones in situations (like on city buses) where no ISO 14443-standard validators are available<ref name=":12" />. Many implementations of NFC do not require riders to first visit a kiosk, accepting payments from applications like Apple Pay directly at the faregate (cite/NYC?).
====Bluetooth Low-Energy====
The third mobile payment method involves the use of low-energy Bluetooth technology. Bluetooth low-energy “beacons”, powered by USB or battery, emit low-power wireless signals<ref>Bluetooth. “How it works.” [https://www.bluetooth.com/what-is-bluetooth-technology/how-it-works]</ref> that can detect and communicate with any smartphone equipped with the technology that comes within a certain distance of the beacon. Bluetooth Low-energy utilizes less power than traditional bluetooth technology, allowing it to operate continuously<ref name=":8" />. Transit agencies could equip the entrances to their vehicles with Bluetooth Low-energy beacons programmed to “read” value on the mobile accounts of oncoming passengers, deducting a fare without requiring passengers to remove their phones<ref name=":8" />.

Bluetooth Low-energy technology appears to be more widespread than Near Field Communication, available on all apple operating systems of iOS 7 or higher and on Android operating systems more advanced than Android 4.3<ref>Bluetooth Low Energy: Introduction. [https://learn.adafruit.com/introduction-to-bluetooth-low-energy/introduction]</ref>. Although no large-scale deployments of the technology for transit payment have been conducted to date<ref name=":12" />, pilot programs have demonstrated the technology's feasibility.

In 2017, Bytetoken (the UK division of Bytemark) tested a “KeyPass” system which utilized Bluetooth Low-Energy as well as cameras to create a new faregate that may be suited for mobility impaired or frequent travelers. The KeyPass system used a 3-D camera to track passengers’ movement and detect their physical characteristics, allowing the system to associate mobile tickets with specific passengers and open the fare gates for these passengers long enough to enable their entry <ref name = pilot>Railway Gazette UK. “Bluetooth-enabled ticket gates demonstrated.” [http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/bluetooth-enabled-ticket-gates-demonstrated.html]</ref>.

====SMS-based====
A final form of mobile ticketing makes use of the phone’s Short Message Service (SMS) function. Riders can send a pre-determined code or phrase (representing a certain transit fare type) as a text message to a designated number, prompting a response showing the ticket fare (or zone) and travel details, often including an identification code. Rather than billing the customer directly, the transit agency charges the customer’s mobile service provider, which then passes on the fare cost to the customer as part of their messaging fees<ref name=":15" />.

One variation on SMS technology uses Multi-media Messaging to send passengers a two dimensional barcode after they text their ticket request<ref>World Bank. "SMS or barcode on Smartphone." [https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/Toolkits/ITS%20Toolkit%20content/its-technologies/electronic-fare-collection/sms-or-bar-code-on-smart-phone.html]</ref>. Token Transit, a North American company whose mobile platform is used by several California transit agencies (including Kern County Transit, Omnitrans and Santa Monica Big Blue Bus) has a ticketing window on their website that allows riders to pay for transit passes online and send the pass to their phone via SMS message<ref name=":9" />.

Basic SMS-based ticketing systems work with any mobile device (not just smartphones) and do not require possession of a credit card. The simplicity and speed of the purchasing process (with no upfront billing required) may make this form of payment more amenable to customers than a mobile application for which one has to register<ref name=":15">Juntunen A., Luukkainen, S., & Tuunainen, V. K. (2010, June). Deploying NFC technology for mobile ticketing services–identification of critical business model issues. In Mobile Business and 2010 Ninth Global Mobility Roundtable (ICMB-GMR), 2010 Ninth International Conference on (pp. 82-90). IEEE. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5494785/#full-text-section]</ref>. Unfortunately, past deployments of SMS ticketing in Stockholm, Helsinki and Denmark<ref>Fynbus. "Enkeltrejser" (Translation: Single Tickets). [https://www.fynbus.dk/enkeltrejser]</ref> could only be used for purchases of single fares (as opposed to passes), because of the messages’ limited functionality. The billing of mobile companies, rather than individuals, impedes employer-based fare payment and excludes riders who do not subscribe to an approved service provider<ref name=":15" />. The technology’s use of mobile billing also requires transit agencies to enter into partnerships with mobile providers<ref>Polite (Policy Learning in Information Technologies for Transportation Enhancement). “Analysis and Reporting of Best Practices.” [https://www.tsi.lv/sites/default/files/editor/science/Research_reports/polite_activity_3_2b_v0_23.pdf]</ref>. Finally, basic SMS tickets lack secure encryption<ref>Ferreira, Galvo Dias and Cunha. “Design and Evaluation of a Mobile Payment System for Public Transport: The MobiPag Prototype.” 2014.[https://www.thinkmind.org/download.php?articleid=mobility_2014_3_50_70071]</ref>. SMS ticketing that involves use of a barcode ticket is more secure, but requires possession of a smartphone.

Possibly due to these drawbacks as well as the increased prevalence of smartphones, cities such as Helsinki and Stockholm have recently withdrawn their SMS ticketing platforms<ref>“Fares and Tickets.” SL. [http://sl.se/en/fares--tickets/]</ref><ref name=":13">Helsingin Sendun Liikinne. “Tickets and Fares: SMS Ticket.” HSL/HRT. [https://www.hsl.fi/en/tickets-and-fares/sms-ticket]</ref>.

=== Overview of Mobile Ticketing Platforms ===
The following table lists some of the major companies involved in the mobile ticketing industry, with information on their platforms and the technologies and uses these platforms support.
{| class="wikitable"
!Company
!Product name
!Components
!Supported technologies
!Validation Technologies
!Auxiliary Functions
!Transit Systems
|-
|Bytemark<ref>Bytemark. [https://www.bytemark.co]</ref>
|
|
* Mobile Ticket application
* Merchant Back Office
* Validators
|
* Visual Verification
* QR-code
* NFC
|
* Merchant Mobile app (Smartphone-based)
* Hardware validators (stand-alone)
|
* Trip planning<ref>For information on Auxiliary Features, see. Bytemark. "Transit Services." 2017. https://www.bytemark.co/industries</ref>
* Scheduling/Route Maps
* Advisory Alerts
|
* New York Waterway<ref>Gilkyson, Blair. NYC Ferry Launches New Midtown to Astoria Route. 2017. [https://www.bytemark.co/news/2017/08/29/nyc-ferry-launches-new-astoria-route]</ref>.
* Toronto Transit commission<ref>Mobile Payments Today. "Mobile Ticketing Comes to Toronto's Transit System. Jul 13, 2015. [https://www.mobilepaymentstoday.com/news/mobile-ticketing-comes-to-torontos-transit-system/]</ref>
|-
|Masabi
|JustRide<ref>Masabi. JustRide Platform. [http://www.masabi.com/justride-mobile-ticketing/]</ref>
|
* mTicketing app
* Hub (cloud-based back office)
* Inspect Validation Suite
|
* Visual Verification<ref name=":0">Masabi. "JustRide mTicketing App." [http://www.masabi.com/justride-app/]</ref>
* Barcode<ref name=":0" />
|
* Inspect app (Smartphone)<ref name=":1">Masabi. "JustRide Inspect Validation Suite." [http://www.masabi.com/inspect-validation-suite/]</ref>
* Inspect validator (stand-alone)<ref name=":1" />
* Inspect Gateline (attaches to existing fare gates)<ref name=":1" />
|
* Trip planning
* Service Alerts
|
* Sonoma-Marin Rail Transit<ref>Apple Store. Smart eTickets [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/smart-etickets/id1259298886?mt=8]</ref>
* Metrolink<ref name=":2">Masabi. "Customers." http://www.masabi.com/customer-deployments/</ref>
* Santa Clara VTA<ref name=":2" />
|-
|moovel
|
|
* RiderApp (Mobile)<ref name=":3">“North American Products.” Moovel.[https://www.moovel-transit.com/en/na]</ref>
* RiderWeb (website)<ref name=":3" />
* InspectorApp, Fare Connect. <ref name=":3" />
* TOMS (Back Office)<ref name=":3" />
|
* Barcode (QR-code and Aztec)<ref name=":4">Sandler, Emma. "moovel’s Latest Tech Brings Company Closer to Dominating Future Transit Payments." June 19, 2017. [http://mobilityfinance.net/moovels-latest-tech-brings-company-closer-to-dominating-future-transit-payments/]</ref>
* NFC<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
* Bluetooth<ref name=":4" />
|
* Inspect app (smartphone: validate barcodes and NFC)<ref name=":3" />.
* FareConnect (hardware agnostic: integrated into existing hardware)<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|
* RideTap (ridesourcing, carshare and bikeshare)<ref name=":3" /><ref>[http://news.trimet.org/2016/05/trimet-tickets-app-now-helps-riders-connect-to-other-transportation-options/]</ref>
|
* Orange County Transportation Authority<ref>Bucher, Maile. "moovel Introduces Fare Connect a Contactless Fare System." July 24,2017. MassTransit Mag. [http://www.masstransitmag.com/article/12353872/moovel-introduces-fare-connect-a-contactless-fare-system]</ref>
* Portland TriMet<ref>Globe Sherpa, predecessor. See. Tavila, Elisa. Transit Mobile Payments: Driving Consumer Experience and Adoption. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. February 2015.</ref>
|-
|Passport
|
|
* Integrated Mobile Travel app<ref name=":5">Passport Products: Transit. [https://passportinc.com/transit/]</ref>
|
* Visual Verification<ref>Charlotte Agenda. “Mobile Ticketing for the Light Rail is Finally Here.” [https://www.charlotteagenda.com/99363/mobile-ticketing-light-rail-finally/]</ref>
* QR-code<ref name=":5" />
|
* Visual Verification inspection<ref name=":5" />
|
* Trip planning<ref name=":5" />
* Real-time tracking<ref name=":5" />
|
* Sacramento RTC<ref name=":6">Passport. “Who We Serve.” [https://passportinc.com/transit-agencies/]</ref>
* UTA<ref name=":6" />
|-
|Token Transit
|
|
* Ticketing application<ref name=":7">"Token Transit." [https://www.tokentransit.com/]</ref>
|
* Visual Verification <ref name=":7" />
|
* Visual Verification inspection<ref name=":7" />
|
|
* Santa Monica Big Blue Bus<ref name=":9">Token Transit. "Send a Pass." [https://www.tokentransit.com/send]</ref>
|}

==Benefits of Mobile Ticketing==
===Integration with Trip Planning Applications===
===Convenience for Visitors===
==Challenges of Mobile Ticketing==
===Regional Integration===
===Access and Equity===

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Technology]]