Complete streets - Revision history

Krystian: Reverted edits by Krystian (talk) to last revision by Jmatute

2018-06-24T23:56:59Z

Reverted edits by Krystian (talk) to last revision by Jmatute

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:56, 24 June 2018
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	[[Category:First and Last Mile]]		[[Category:First and Last Mile]]
	[[Image:Completestreet.jpg\|right\|thumb\|600px\|A complete street with a two-way protected cycletrack in Vancouver. Source: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/pwkrueger/5862131243 Paul Krueger]]]		[[Category:Shared Use Mobility]]
			[[Image:Completestreet.jpg\|right\|thumb\|600px\|A complete street with a two-way protected cycletrack in
			Vancouver. Source: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/pwkrueger/5862131243 Paul Krueger]]]
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	For the better part of the last century, streets have been designed around the automobile at the expense of pedestrians and cyclists. The complete streets movement aims to redesign the nation's streets so that they are equally welcoming to all road users. Complete streets increase safety, create more livable communities, stimulate economic activity, and improve the environment.		For the better part of the last century, streets have been designed around the automobile at the expense of pedestrians and cyclists. The complete streets movement aims to redesign the nation's streets so that they are equally welcoming to all road users. Complete streets increase safety, create more livable communities, stimulate economic activity, and improve the environment.

Krystian: Reverted edits by Jmatute (talk) to last revision by Rabiabonour

2018-06-24T23:56:28Z

Reverted edits by Jmatute (talk) to last revision by Rabiabonour

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:56, 24 June 2018
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	[[Category:First and Last Mile]]		[[Category:First and Last Mile]]
	~~[[Category:Shared Use Mobility]]~~		[[Image:Completestreet.jpg\|right\|thumb\|600px\|A complete street with a two-way protected cycletrack in Vancouver. Source: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/pwkrueger/5862131243 Paul Krueger]]]
	[[Image:Completestreet.jpg\|right\|thumb\|600px\|A complete street with a two-way protected cycletrack in
	Vancouver. Source: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/pwkrueger/5862131243 Paul Krueger]]]
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	For the better part of the last century, streets have been designed around the automobile at the expense of pedestrians and cyclists. The complete streets movement aims to redesign the nation's streets so that they are equally welcoming to all road users. Complete streets increase safety, create more livable communities, stimulate economic activity, and improve the environment.		For the better part of the last century, streets have been designed around the automobile at the expense of pedestrians and cyclists. The complete streets movement aims to redesign the nation's streets so that they are equally welcoming to all road users. Complete streets increase safety, create more livable communities, stimulate economic activity, and improve the environment.

Jmatute at 16:54, 13 April 2018

2018-04-13T16:54:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:54, 13 April 2018
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	[[Category:First and Last Mile]]		[[Category:First and Last Mile]]
	[[Image:Completestreet.jpg\|right\|thumb\|600px\|A complete street with a two-way protected cycletrack in Vancouver. Source: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/pwkrueger/5862131243 Paul Krueger]]]		[[Category:Shared Use Mobility]]
			[[Image:Completestreet.jpg\|right\|thumb\|600px\|A complete street with a two-way protected cycletrack in
			Vancouver. Source: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/pwkrueger/5862131243 Paul Krueger]]]
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	For the better part of the last century, streets have been designed around the automobile at the expense of pedestrians and cyclists. The complete streets movement aims to redesign the nation's streets so that they are equally welcoming to all road users. Complete streets increase safety, create more livable communities, stimulate economic activity, and improve the environment.		For the better part of the last century, streets have been designed around the automobile at the expense of pedestrians and cyclists. The complete streets movement aims to redesign the nation's streets so that they are equally welcoming to all road users. Complete streets increase safety, create more livable communities, stimulate economic activity, and improve the environment.

Rabiabonour at 16:20, 16 April 2017

2017-04-16T16:20:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:20, 16 April 2017
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	For the better part of the last century, streets have been designed around the automobile at the expense of pedestrians and cyclists. The complete streets movement aims to redesign the nation's streets so that they are equally welcoming to all road users. Complete streets increase safety, create more livable communities, stimulate economic activity, and improve the environment.		For the better part of the last century, streets have been designed around the automobile at the expense of pedestrians and cyclists. The complete streets movement aims to redesign the nation's streets so that they are equally welcoming to all road users. Complete streets increase safety, create more livable communities, stimulate economic activity, and improve the environment.

	Caltrans defines a complete street as: “a transportation facility that is planned, designed, operated, and maintained to provide safe mobility for all users, including bicyclists, pedestrians, transit vehicles, truckers, and motorists, appropriate to the function and context of the facility. Complete ~~street concepts apply to all roadways in all contexts including local roads and state highways in rural, suburban, and urban areas~~.”		Caltrans defines a complete street as: “a transportation facility that is planned, designed, operated, and maintained to provide safe mobility for all users, including bicyclists, pedestrians, transit vehicles, truckers, and motorists, appropriate to the function and context of the facility."<ref>[http://www.dot.ca.gov/transplanning/ocp/complete-streets.html Caltrans. "Complete Streets Program."]</ref>

	==Complete Street Strategies==		==Complete Street Strategies==
	There are a wide variety of techniques that cities can use to redesign their streets. Three of the main areas of complete streets projects are roadways, intersections, and sidewalks.		There are a wide variety of techniques that cities can use to redesign their streets. Three of the main areas of complete streets projects are roadways, intersections, and sidewalks.<ref>[http://planning.lacity.org/documents/policy/CompleteStreetDesignGuide.pdf City of Los Angeles. "Complete Streets Design Guide."]</ref>

	===Roadways===		===Roadways===
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	* Introduce traffic calming measures appropriate to the environment (e.g. in residential areas).		* Introduce traffic calming measures appropriate to the environment (e.g. in residential areas).

	Shared streets are street layouts in which pedestrian and automobile traffic in integrated. The model is popular in Europe, Israel, Japan, and Australia <ref> Ben-Joseph, ~~Eran~~. "Changing the residential street scene: Adapting the shared street (woonerf) concept to the suburban environment." Journal of the American Planning Association 61.~~4 (1995): 504-515~~ </ref>.		Shared streets are street layouts in which pedestrian and automobile traffic in integrated. The model is popular in Europe, Israel, Japan, and Australia.<ref>[http://web.mit.edu/ebj/www/doc/JAPAv61n4.pdf Ben-Joseph, E. (1995). "Changing the residential street scene: Adapting the shared street (woonerf) concept to the suburban environment." Journal of the American Planning Association.]</ref>

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

Rabiabonour at 16:10, 16 April 2017

2017-04-16T16:10:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:10, 16 April 2017
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	~~{{Template:Stub}}~~[[Category:First and Last Mile]]		[[Category:First and Last Mile]]
			[[Image:Completestreet.jpg\|right\|thumb\|600px\|A complete street with a two-way protected cycletrack in Vancouver. Source: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/pwkrueger/5862131243 Paul Krueger]]]
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	For the better part of the last century, streets have been designed around the automobile at the expense of pedestrians and cyclists. The complete streets movement aims to redesign the nation's streets so that they are equally welcoming to all road users. Complete streets increase safety, create more livable communities, stimulate economic activity, and improve the environment.		For the better part of the last century, streets have been designed around the automobile at the expense of pedestrians and cyclists. The complete streets movement aims to redesign the nation's streets so that they are equally welcoming to all road users. Complete streets increase safety, create more livable communities, stimulate economic activity, and improve the environment.
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	* '''Bus lanes''' - Bus lanes are another use for reclaimed road space. If mid-day bus service is relatively infrequent, then designating lanes as bus-only during just peak hours can be an efficient use of space. On major bus corridors, fully separated median-running lanes will allow for the best service.		* '''Bus lanes''' - Bus lanes are another use for reclaimed road space. If mid-day bus service is relatively infrequent, then designating lanes as bus-only during just peak hours can be an efficient use of space. On major bus corridors, fully separated median-running lanes will allow for the best service.
	* '''Pedestrian plazas''' - Some unsafe or low-volume streets can be closed to automobiles entirely, creating vibrant pedestrian spaces. Plazas should be well marked to prevent cars from entering them, and the implementing agency should find a community partner to help keep the space clean.		* '''Pedestrian plazas''' - Some unsafe or low-volume streets can be closed to automobiles entirely, creating vibrant pedestrian spaces. Plazas should be well marked to prevent cars from entering them, and the implementing agency should find a community partner to help keep the space clean.
			[[Image:Roundabout 1.jpg\|right\|thumb\|350px\|Mini traffic circles can slow vehicles on low-volume streets. Source: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/drdul/180850940 Richard Drdul]]]
	===Intersections===		===Intersections===
	* '''Crosswalk improvements''' - At a minimum, crosswalks should be striped to promote visibility. For midblock crossings, consider raising crosswalks to the level of the sidewalk. Raised crosswalks improve visibility, make the crossing easier (especially for people with physical impairments), and act as speed humps to slow cars.		* '''Crosswalk improvements''' - At a minimum, crosswalks should be striped to promote visibility. For midblock crossings, consider raising crosswalks to the level of the sidewalk. Raised crosswalks improve visibility, make the crossing easier (especially for people with physical impairments), and act as speed humps to slow cars.

Rabiabonour at 04:03, 15 April 2017

2017-04-15T04:03:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:03, 15 April 2017
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	Living streets are policies similar to complete streets in that they promote roads for different types of travel.<ref>[http://www.modelstreetdesignmanual.com/ Bogert, S. (2011). "Living Streets Design Manual." Model Design Manual for Living Streets. LA County Department of Public Health.]</ref> Livable Streets has additional aims including:		Living streets are policies similar to complete streets in that they promote roads for different types of travel.<ref>[http://www.modelstreetdesignmanual.com/ Bogert, S. (2011). "Living Streets Design Manual." Model Design Manual for Living Streets. LA County Department of Public Health.]</ref> Livable Streets has additional aims including:

	* ~~Promote~~ economic growth "without inviting gentrification of longtime residents and businesses"		* Promoting economic growth "without inviting gentrification of longtime residents and businesses"
	* Transforming important streets into public spaces for walking, biking, and interaction.		* Transforming important streets into public spaces for walking, biking, and interaction.
	* Inviting people to interact with street furniture, public art, architecture and landscaping to promote the community's brand.		* Inviting people to interact with street furniture, public art, architecture and landscaping to promote the community's brand.

Rabiabonour at 04:03, 15 April 2017

2017-04-15T04:03:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:03, 15 April 2017
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	{{Template:Stub}}[[Category:First and Last Mile]]		{{Template:Stub}}[[Category:First and Last Mile]]
	== Introduction ==		==Introduction==
	~~Complete Streets are policies and physical environments that promote different modes~~ of ~~transportation to travel by foot, bicycle, transit, wheelchairs~~, and ~~automobiles~~. ~~Complete Streets also refers~~ to the ~~goal of having infrastructure changes in city planning, design funding, and maintenance of~~ streets. Complete streets ~~can be realized though policy changes rising from input at all levels including but not limited to: individuals~~, ~~community stakeholders~~, ~~transportation agencies~~, and ~~elected officials <ref>http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/documents/cs-local-policy-workbook.pdf</ref> Livable Streets and Shared Streets are similar to Complete Streets, but prioritize~~ the ~~individual's life and sharing roads, respectively~~.		For the better part of the last century, streets have been designed around the automobile at the expense of pedestrians and cyclists. The complete streets movement aims to redesign the nation's streets so that they are equally welcoming to all road users. Complete streets increase safety, create more livable communities, stimulate economic activity, and improve the environment.

			Caltrans defines a complete street as: “a transportation facility that is planned, designed, operated, and maintained to provide safe mobility for all users, including bicyclists, pedestrians, transit vehicles, truckers, and motorists, appropriate to the function and context of the facility. Complete street concepts apply to all roadways in all contexts including local roads and state highways in rural, suburban, and urban areas.”

	== Complete ~~Streets~~ ==		==Complete Street Strategies==
	~~The Complete Streets concept values the importance~~ of ~~designing and operating~~ streets ~~in order to provide safe and convenient access for all users <ref name="Manual">Complete Streets Manual. Publication no. CPC-2013.910.GPA.SP.CA~~.~~MSC. Los Angeles: Department~~ of City Planning, 2014. Print.</ref>. First, Complete Street policies help urban and rural policy makers to make a commitment to Complete Streets <ref name="Street Design">Smith, Robin, Sharlene Reed, and Shana Baker. "Street Design: Part Complete Streets." Public Roads 74.1 (2010) </ref>. Then, the ~~design principles~~ are ~~formed and implemented according to the needs of the particular geographic area. According to Burden and Littman, this shifts the priority from transportation mobility to accessibility to desired good~~, ~~services~~, and ~~activities <ref>Burden, Dan, and Todd Litman. "America needs complete streets." ITE Journal 81.4 (2011): 36-43</ref>~~.		There are a wide variety of techniques that cities can use to redesign their streets. Three of the main areas of complete streets projects are roadways, intersections, and sidewalks.

	===~~= Design Manual =~~===		===Roadways===
			* '''Lane reconfigurations''' - Complete streets are, at their heart, about redesigning streets to work better for more users. One of the best ways to do this is through a road diet - removing automobile travel lanes to make room for other road users, shorten crossing distances, and encourage safer speeds. If removing lanes is infeasible, these goals can be accomplished by narrowing the lanes.
			* '''Bicycle lanes''' - Road space reclaimed by a road diet or lane narrowing can be used to create safe bike infrastructure. Basic painted bicycle lanes are a start, but lanes protected by medians or posts further increase safety. Sharrows painted in the travel lane can help alert cars to the presence of cyclists on roads without room for dedicated bicycle lanes.
			* '''Bus lanes''' - Bus lanes are another use for reclaimed road space. If mid-day bus service is relatively infrequent, then designating lanes as bus-only during just peak hours can be an efficient use of space. On major bus corridors, fully separated median-running lanes will allow for the best service.
			* '''Pedestrian plazas''' - Some unsafe or low-volume streets can be closed to automobiles entirely, creating vibrant pedestrian spaces. Plazas should be well marked to prevent cars from entering them, and the implementing agency should find a community partner to help keep the space clean.

	~~Typical Design Elements <ref name~~=~~"Street Design" />~~		===Intersections===
	* ~~Wide sidewalks~~, ~~safe~~ crossings, ~~median islands~~, ~~accessible~~ pedestrian ~~signals~~		* '''Crosswalk improvements''' - At a minimum, crosswalks should be striped to promote visibility. For midblock crossings, consider raising crosswalks to the level of the sidewalk. Raised crosswalks improve visibility, make the crossing easier (especially for people with physical impairments), and act as speed humps to slow cars.
	* Curb extensions		* '''Signal changes''' - A leading pedestrian interval is a signaling strategy that gives pedestrians a head start at crossings to reduce crash risk. At intersections with especially high volumes of pedestrian traffic consider installing exclusive pedestrian phases. Also known as scramble crosswalks, these block vehicle traffic and let pedestrians cross in any direction, including diagonally.
	* ~~Bicycle Lanes~~		* '''Curb extensions''' - Many modern intersections have very wide curbs. This encourages faster turning by drivers and increases crossing distances for pedestrians. Corner bulbouts extend the sidewalk into the street to solve these problems. Curb extensions can also be installed mid-block to encourage slower speeds.
	* Designated Bus Lanes		* '''Traffic circles and roundabouts''' - Conventional four-way intersections are inefficient, confusing, and come with the risk of head-on collisions. Roundabouts regulate traffic in a way that simultaneously decreases speeds while improving intersection throughput. On smaller streets, mini traffic circles can be used to reduce speeds.
	* Shared use paths
	* Safe and ~~Accessible transit stops~~
	* Bulleted list item

	== ~~Livable streets and Shared Streets~~ ==		===Sidewalks===
			* '''Public seating''' - Seating reinforces the idea that sidewalks are public space to be enjoyed, not just transportation corridors. Seating encourages socialization and promotes pedestrian activity, which makes areas more pleasant, safer, and better for local businesses. In most cases public seating should be permanently affixed to the ground to keep it in place.
			* '''Outdoor dining''' - Rather than being an inappropriate private use of public space, sidewalk dining is a highly desirable driver of urban activity and should be encouraged. Because it does use the public right-of-way, strict rules must be in place to preserve pedestrian access to the sidewalk. Fully enclosed sidewalk dining should be prohibited, as it allows restaurants to use public space without stimulating street life.
			* '''Landscaping''' - Street trees and other landscaping elements are hugely beneficial to a street. Not only are they pretty, but they can provide shade, reduce stormwater runoff, improve air quality, and even reduce vehicle speeds by visually narrowing the street. Pick plants that are compatible with the local climate with minimal irrigation and that will not grow too big for the area in which they are planted.
			* '''Bicycle parking''' - Providing abundant bike parking encourages more people to ride because they know they will have a place to lock their bike when they reach their destinations. By providing a dedicated space for bike parking, racks reduce the likelihood that people will clutter the sidewalk by haphazardly locking to fences or street poles. Racks should have two points of contact to keep bicycles upright and allow riders to easily lock both the wheels and frame; inverted-U racks are a good choice.

	~~Livable Streets are policies similar to Complete Streets in that they promote roads for different types of travel <ref name~~=		==Living Streets and Shared Streets ==
	~~"livingstreets">http://www.livingstreetsla.org/about-lsla/</ref> <ref>Bogert, Suzanne. "~~Living Streets ~~Design Manual." Model Design Manual for Living~~ Streets~~. LA County Department of Public Health, 2011. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.</ref>. Livable Streets has additional aims including:~~

	* Promote economic growth "without inviting gentrification of ~~long time~~ residents and ~~businessess~~"		Living streets are policies similar to complete streets in that they promote roads for different types of travel.<ref>[http://www.modelstreetdesignmanual.com/ Bogert, S. (2011). "Living Streets Design Manual." Model Design Manual for Living Streets. LA County Department of Public Health.]</ref> Livable Streets has additional aims including:

			* Promote economic growth "without inviting gentrification of longtime residents and businesses"
	* Transforming important streets into public spaces for walking, biking, and interaction.		* Transforming important streets into public spaces for walking, biking, and interaction.
	* Inviting people to interact with street furniture, public art, architecture and landscaping to promote the community's brand.		* Inviting people to interact with street furniture, public art, architecture and landscaping to promote the community's brand.
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	* Introduce traffic calming measures appropriate to the environment (e.g. in residential areas).		* Introduce traffic calming measures appropriate to the environment (e.g. in residential areas).

	Shared ~~Streets~~ are street layouts in which pedestrian and automobile traffic in integrated. ~~It is a street~~ model ~~that~~ is ~~systemetized and in use~~ in ~~Euruope~~, Israel, Japan, and Australia <ref> Ben-Joseph, Eran. "Changing the residential street scene: Adapting the shared street (woonerf) concept to the suburban environment." Journal of the American Planning Association 61.4 (1995): 504-515 </ref>.		Shared streets are street layouts in which pedestrian and automobile traffic in integrated. The model is popular in Europe, Israel, Japan, and Australia <ref> Ben-Joseph, Eran. "Changing the residential street scene: Adapting the shared street (woonerf) concept to the suburban environment." Journal of the American Planning Association 61.4 (1995): 504-515 </ref>.

	~~== Transit's role in complete streets ==~~
	~~Los Angeles Complete Streets Manual <ref name="Manual" />~~
	~~===== Bus Lane Construction =====~~
	~~Bus stops with high a frequency of stops and turns are reinforced with concrete pads.~~
	~~===== Shared Bus-Bicycle Lane =====~~
	California cyclist are required by law to ride as close to the right side as possible, so when there is not enough width for seperate bus and bicycle lanes, cyclists can use the bus lane. As buses approach as cyclist, the driver can maneuver around the cyclist to pass. Although cyclists can avoid regular vehicular traffic by sharing this type of lane, the cyclists and buses may ultimately have to continuously merge into adjacent lanes to pass (by leap frogging).
	~~===== Dedicated Bicycle Lane and Bus lane =====~~
	~~This street design separates the road into three types of lanes from left to right: regular lane, bicycle lane, and bus lane.~~
	~~===== Transit Stops =====~~
	Transit stops should comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and be pedestrian friendly and by providing adequate walkways and furnished with shelter, bench, and trash receptacles, trees, and lighting as needed. Appropriate signage can include real time information and maps of routes. Transit stops can also be adorned with public art and interactive lighting, and play elements to improve user experience.

	== References ==		==References==
	<references />		<references/>

Jmatute at 22:34, 23 January 2017

2017-01-23T22:34:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:34, 23 January 2017
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	~~'''This is an article in progress'''~~		{{Template:Stub}}[[Category:First and Last Mile]]

	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
	Complete Streets are policies and physical environments that promote different modes of transportation to travel by foot, bicycle, transit, wheelchairs, and automobiles. Complete Streets also refers to the goal of having infrastructure changes in city planning, design funding, and maintenance of streets. Complete streets can be realized though policy changes rising from input at all levels including but not limited to: individuals, community stakeholders, transportation agencies, and elected officials <ref>http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/documents/cs-local-policy-workbook.pdf</ref> Livable Streets and Shared Streets are similar to Complete Streets, but prioritize the individual's life and sharing roads, respectively.		Complete Streets are policies and physical environments that promote different modes of transportation to travel by foot, bicycle, transit, wheelchairs, and automobiles. Complete Streets also refers to the goal of having infrastructure changes in city planning, design funding, and maintenance of streets. Complete streets can be realized though policy changes rising from input at all levels including but not limited to: individuals, community stakeholders, transportation agencies, and elected officials <ref>http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/documents/cs-local-policy-workbook.pdf</ref> Livable Streets and Shared Streets are similar to Complete Streets, but prioritize the individual's life and sharing roads, respectively.

Djmyung at 22:05, 5 May 2014

2014-05-05T22:05:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:05, 5 May 2014
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	This street design separates the road into three types of lanes from left to right: regular lane, bicycle lane, and bus lane.		This street design separates the road into three types of lanes from left to right: regular lane, bicycle lane, and bus lane.
	===== Transit Stops =====		===== Transit Stops =====
	Transit stops should ~~be pedestrian friendly and~~ comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) by providing adequate walkways and furnished with shelter, bench, and trash receptacles, trees, and lighting as needed. Appropriate signage can include real time information and maps of routes. Transit stops can also be adorned with public art and interactive lighting, and play elements to improve user experience.		Transit stops should comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and be pedestrian friendly and by providing adequate walkways and furnished with shelter, bench, and trash receptacles, trees, and lighting as needed. Appropriate signage can include real time information and maps of routes. Transit stops can also be adorned with public art and interactive lighting, and play elements to improve user experience.

	== References ==		== References ==
	<references />		<references />

Djmyung at 20:12, 5 May 2014

2014-05-05T20:12:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:12, 5 May 2014
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	===== Shared Bus-Bicycle Lane =====		===== Shared Bus-Bicycle Lane =====
	California cyclist are required by law to ride as close to the right side as possible, so when there is not enough width for seperate bus and bicycle lanes, cyclists can use the bus lane. As buses approach as cyclist, the driver can maneuver around the cyclist to pass. Although cyclists can avoid regular vehicular traffic by sharing this type of lane, the cyclists and buses may ultimately have to continuously merge into adjacent lanes to pass (by leap frogging).		California cyclist are required by law to ride as close to the right side as possible, so when there is not enough width for seperate bus and bicycle lanes, cyclists can use the bus lane. As buses approach as cyclist, the driver can maneuver around the cyclist to pass. Although cyclists can avoid regular vehicular traffic by sharing this type of lane, the cyclists and buses may ultimately have to continuously merge into adjacent lanes to pass (by leap frogging).
	===== Dedicated Bicycle Lane and Bus lane. =====		===== Dedicated Bicycle Lane and Bus lane =====
	This street design separates the road into three types of lanes from left to right: regular lane, bicycle lane, and bus lane.		This street design separates the road into three types of lanes from left to right: regular lane, bicycle lane, and bus lane.
	===== Transit Stops =====		===== Transit Stops =====